Chinese Journal of Catalysis ›› 2022, Vol. 43 ›› Issue (1): 33-46.DOI: 10.1016/S1872-2067(21)63874-3
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Heng-Quan Chen, Lie Zou, Di-Ye Wei, Ling-Ling Zheng*(), Yuan-Fei Wu, Hua Zhang, Jian-Feng Li#()
Received:
2021-06-13
Accepted:
2021-06-21
Online:
2022-01-18
Published:
2021-07-02
Contact:
Ling-Ling Zheng,Jian-Feng Li
About author:
# E-mail: Li@xmu.edu.cnSupported by:
Heng-Quan Chen, Lie Zou, Di-Ye Wei, Ling-Ling Zheng, Yuan-Fei Wu, Hua Zhang, Jian-Feng Li. In situ studies of energy-related electrochemical reactions using Raman and X-ray absorption spectroscopy[J]. Chinese Journal of Catalysis, 2022, 43(1): 33-46.
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URL: https://www.cjcatal.com/EN/10.1016/S1872-2067(21)63874-3
Fig. 2. In situ EC-SHINERS spectra obtained during ORR of Pt (111) (a), Pt (100) (b), Pt (110) (c), Pt (311) (d), and Pt (211) (e) in 0.1 M O2-saturated HClO4 solution. Adapted with permission from Ref. [36,37]. Copyrights 2019 and 2020, Springer Nature and American Chemical Society. (f) SHINERS spectra of Pt (111), Pt (311), and P (211) in 0.1 M O2-saturated HClO4 solution at 0.8 V (vs. RHE). Adapted with permission from Ref. [37]. Copyright 2020, American Chemical Society.
Fig. 3. (a) Schematic diagram of in situ SERS employing the borrowing strategy; (b) In situ SERS spectra of Au@Pt and Au@PtNi in 0.1 M O2-saturated HClO4 solution; (c) Raman peak shift and half-wave potential vs. Ni content. Adapted with permission from Ref. [40]. Copyright 2020, American Chemical Society.
Fig. 4. (a) Schematic diagram of in situ SERS employing the SHINERS-satellite strategy; In situ SHINERS spectra of ORR on Pt3Co catalysts in 0.1 M HClO4 (b) and 0.1 M KOH (c). Adapted with permission from Ref. [41]. Copyright 2020, John Wiley and Sons.
Fig. 5. (a) In situ XANES of FePhenMOF-ArNH3; (b) In situ EXAFS of Fe PhenMOF-ArNH3; (c) Δμ-XANES of Fe-N-C obtained during ORR under potentials of 0.3 to 1.0 V; (d) Δμ-XANES derived from theoretical calculations and the Fe-N4-C8 model (inset). Adapted with permission from Ref. [45]. Copyright 2016, The Royal Society of Chemistry. (e) Three structural models of Fe-N4-Cx, labeled as D1, D2, and D3. Adapted with permission from Ref. [50]. Copyright 2015, American Chemical Society.
Fig. 6. In situ Raman spectra of Co (a), Au (b), ~0.4 ML Co oxides (c) on Au surfaces and ~87 ML Co oxides on Au surfaces (d) in 0.1 M KOH under various potentials. (a-d) Adapted with permission from Ref. [58]. Copyright 2011, American Chemical Society. (e) Chronopotentiometry measurements at 0.5 mA; (f) Raman spectra obtained in situ during the chronopotentiometry measurement. (e,f) Adapted with permission from Ref. [59]. Copyright 2019, John Wiley and Sons.
Fig. 7. (a) In situ Raman spectra of prepared NiSe2 in 1 M KOH. (a) Adapted with permission from Ref. [64]. Copyright 2020, John Wiley and Sons. In situ XANES (b) and Fourier-transformed EXAFS (c) of CoFeP during the OER in alkaline electrolyte. (b,c) Adapted with permission from Ref. [66]. Copyright 2019, American Chemical Society. (d) In situ Fourier-transformed EXAFS at Co k edge of Co-N-C. Adapted with permission from Ref. [69]. Copyright 2019, American Chemical Society.
Fig. 8. In situ SERS of Au@Pt (a) and Au @PtNi (b) in 0.1 M H2-saturated solution. (a,b) Adapted with permission from Ref. [75]. Copyright 2021, John Wiley and Sons. Ru K-edge in situ XANES of Ru/C (c) and PtRu/C (d) in H2-saturated solution under various potentials; In situ Δu-XANES of Ru/C (e) and PtRu/C (f) and their corresponding theoretical models (inset). (c-e) adapted with permission from Ref. [76]. Copyright 2017, John Wiley and Sons.
Fig. 9. In situ SERS of Ag@MoS2 in 0.1 M HClO4 electrolyte (a) and in 0.1 M DClO4 electrolyte (b). (a,b) adapted with permission from Ref. [81]. Copyright 2020, American Chemical Society. In situ Raman of SANi-I (c) and O-A-Ni-OH (d) under varying potentials. (c,d) adapted with permission from Ref. [83]. Copyright 2019, John Wiley and Sons.
Half electrochemical reaction | Standard potential/ V (vs. RHE) |
---|---|
CO2 + 2H+ + 2 e- → HCOOH | -0.258 |
CO2 + H2O (l) + 2e- → HCOO- + OH- | -1.078 |
CO2 + 2H+ + 2 e- → CO (g) + H2O (l) | -0.106 |
CO2 + 4H+ + 4 e- → CH2O (g) + H2O (l) | -0.700 |
CO2 + 3H2O (l) + 4e- → CH2O (g) + 4OH- | -0.898 |
CO2 + 6H+ +6e- → CH3OH (l) + H2O (l) | 0.016 |
CO2 +5H2O (l) + 6e- → CH3OH (l) + 6OH- | -0.812 |
CO2 + 8H+ + 8e- → CH4 (g) + 2H2O (l) | 0.169 |
CO2 + 6H2O (l) + 8e- → CH4 (g) + 8OH- | -0.659 |
2CO2 + 2H+ +2e- → H2C2O4 | -0.500 |
2CO2 + 12H+ + 12e- → CH2CH2 (g) + 4H2O (l) | 0.064 |
2CO2 + 8H2O (l) + 12e- → CH2CH2 (g) + 12OH- | -0.764 |
2CO2 + 9H2O (l) + 12e- → CH3CH2OH + 12OH- | -0.744 |
Table 1 Various pathways for the CO2RR.
Half electrochemical reaction | Standard potential/ V (vs. RHE) |
---|---|
CO2 + 2H+ + 2 e- → HCOOH | -0.258 |
CO2 + H2O (l) + 2e- → HCOO- + OH- | -1.078 |
CO2 + 2H+ + 2 e- → CO (g) + H2O (l) | -0.106 |
CO2 + 4H+ + 4 e- → CH2O (g) + H2O (l) | -0.700 |
CO2 + 3H2O (l) + 4e- → CH2O (g) + 4OH- | -0.898 |
CO2 + 6H+ +6e- → CH3OH (l) + H2O (l) | 0.016 |
CO2 +5H2O (l) + 6e- → CH3OH (l) + 6OH- | -0.812 |
CO2 + 8H+ + 8e- → CH4 (g) + 2H2O (l) | 0.169 |
CO2 + 6H2O (l) + 8e- → CH4 (g) + 8OH- | -0.659 |
2CO2 + 2H+ +2e- → H2C2O4 | -0.500 |
2CO2 + 12H+ + 12e- → CH2CH2 (g) + 4H2O (l) | 0.064 |
2CO2 + 8H2O (l) + 12e- → CH2CH2 (g) + 12OH- | -0.764 |
2CO2 + 9H2O (l) + 12e- → CH3CH2OH + 12OH- | -0.744 |
Fig. 10. (a) Ex situ Raman spectra of Cu, Zn, and CuxZn; In situ Raman spectra of Cu (b), Zn (c), and Cu4Zn (d). (a-d) Adapted with permission from Ref. [88]. Copyright 2016, American Chemical Society. Raman spectra focusing on the carboxyl/formate intermediate vibrational range for Cu, Cu12Sn, Cu5Sn6 at -0.4 V (vs. RHE) (e) and at -0.5 V (vs. RHE) (f). In situ Raman spectra of CO2RR on Cu5Sn6 (g) and Cu12Sn (h) in CO2-saturated 0.1 M KHCO3 electrolyte. (e-h) Adapted with permission from Ref. [89]. Copyright 2019, American Chemical Society. (i) In situ XANES of copper oxides and reference species. Adapted with permission from Ref. [90]. Copyright 2016, Springer Nature.
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