Electrochemical synthesis of catalytic materials for energy catalysis

doi:10.1016/S1872-2067(21)63940-2

Abstract

Abstract:

Electrocatalysis is a process dealing with electrochemical reactions in the interconversion of chemical energy and electrical energy. Precise synthesis of catalytically active nanostructures is one of the key challenges that hinder the practical application of many important energy-related electrocatalytic reactions. Compared with conventional wet-chemical, solid-state and vapor deposition synthesis, electrochemical synthesis is a simple, fast, cost-effective and precisely controllable method for the preparation of highly efficient catalytic materials. In this review, we summarize recent progress in the electrochemical synthesis of catalytic materials such as single atoms, spherical and shaped nanoparticles, nanosheets, nanowires, core-shell nanostructures, layered nanomaterials, dendritic nanostructures, hierarchically porous nanostructures as well as composite nanostructures. Fundamental aspects of electrochemical synthesis and several main electrochemical synthesis methods are discussed. Structure-performance correlations between electrochemically synthesized catalysts and their unique electrocatalytic properties are exemplified using selected examples. We offer the reader with a basic guide to the synthesis of highly efficient catalysts using electrochemical methods, and we propose some research challenges and future opportunities in this field.

Key words: Catalytic material, Electrochemical synthesis, Electrocatalytic reaction, Electrodeposition, Cathodic corrosion, Nanostructure

Dunfeng Gao, Hefei Li, Pengfei Wei, Yi Wang, Guoxiong Wang, Xinhe Bao. Electrochemical synthesis of catalytic materials for energy catalysis[J]. Chinese Journal of Catalysis, 2022, 43(4): 1001-1016.

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URL: https://www.cjcatal.com/EN/10.1016/S1872-2067(21)63940-2

https://www.cjcatal.com/EN/Y2022/V43/I4/1001

Figures/Tables 11

Table 1 Comparison of various synthesis methods for the preparation of catalytic materials.

Method	Impregnation	Precipitation	Hydrothermal synthesis	Colloidal synthesis	Electrochemical synthesis
Temperature	RT‒100 °C	RT‒100 °C	100‒200 °C	RT‒350 °C	RT
Solvent	Water	Water	Water	Organic solvents	Water
Setup and operation	Simple	Simple	Complicated	Complicated	Simple
Organic ligand	No	No	No	Yes	No
Post-treatment	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No
Tunability in morphology & compositions	Difficult	Difficult	Difficult	Easy	Easy
Suitability for integrated electrodes	No	No	No	No	Yes

Fig. 1. Electrochemical synthesis of catalytic materials for energy catalysis.

Fig. 2. Electrochemical procedures of applying currents and potentials for electrochemical synthesis of catalytic materials. (a) Galvanostatic mode; (b) Potentiostatic mode; (c) Cyclic voltammetry; (d) Square-wave potential pulse; (e) Coupled cyclic voltammetry and square-wave potential pulse.

Fig. 3. Electrochemical deposition for synthesizing single atom catalysts. Schematic of cathodic (a) and anodic (b) deposition of Ir species over Co(OH)2 nanosheets loaded on glassy carbon in a standard three-electrode cell; HAADF-STEM images of cathodically (c) and anodically (d) deposited metal single atoms on Co(OH)2 nanosheets. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [88]. Copyright 2020, Springer Nature.

Fig. 4. Synthesis of single atom catalysts under high voltage. Schematic of plasma arc formed by a 20 kV direct current (DC) supply (a), spark pulse generated by a multistage Marx circuit (b) and synthesis of Co single atom catalysts using PA and SP methods (c). Reproduced with permission from Ref. [69]. Copyright 2021, Wiley-VCH.

Fig. 5. Electrochemical synthesis of spherical nanoparticles. (a) Cathodic corrosion for growing nanoparticles over a Pt wire at a direct current of -10 V in 10 mol·L-1NaOH. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [49]. Copyright 2011, Wiley-VCH. (b) Pd nanoparticles electrodeposited potentiostatically on an Au substrate. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [106]. Copyright 2018, Wiley-VCH. (c) Synthesis procedure of carbon-supported Pt nanoparticles by applying an alternating sinusoidal potential to a Pt counter electrode. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [104]. Copyright 2020, American Chemical Society. (d) HADDF-STEM images of as-prepared and electrochemically dealloyed Cu3Pt intermetallic nanoparticles. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [80]. Copyright 2015, American Chemical Society.

Fig. 6. Electrochemical synthesis of shape-controlled Pt nanoparticles. (a) Scheme of electrochemical synthesis of THH Pt nanocrystals from nanospheres; (b) SEM images and size distributions of THH Pt nanocrystals grown for 10, 30, 40 and 50 min. Scale bars, 200 nm. (c) In situ transmission electron microscopy (TEM) observation on the thermal stability of THH Pt nanocrystals. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [116]. Copyright 2007, American Association for the Advancement of Science.

Fig. 7. Electrochemical synthesis of Cu nanocubes. (a) Electrochemical deposition of Cu nanocubes, revealed by liquid cell TEM technique. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [132]. Copyright 2020, Springer Nature. (b) Support effects on the CO2RR selectivity over Cu nanocubes. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [37]. Copyright 2018, Wiley-VCH. (c) CO2RR performance over shaped nanostructures grown on Cu foils via electrolyte-driven nanostructuring. (c,d) Reproduced with permission from Ref. [71]. Copyright 2019, Wiley-VCH.

Fig. 8. Morphology, structure and performance of electrochemically in situ generated ultrathin Ni nanosheets. (a) SEM images; (b) Ni K-edge EXAFS; (c) HER performance. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [142]. Copyright 2017, Cell Press.

Fig. 9. Electrochemical synthesis of three-dimensional nanostructures. (a) Electrodeposition using graphite substrate and nitrate precursors; (b) Cross-sectional SEM images of as-prepared NiCeOxHy deposited on graphite with (left) and without (right) nitrate ion insertion; (c) OER stability of NiCeOxHy/graphite electrode at a current density of 1 A·cm?2. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [160]. Copyright 2018, Springer Nature.

Fig. 10. Catalyst modification and regeneration via electrochemical methods. (a) Cyclic voltammogram of Pb UPD on electropolished Cu foils; (b) Ratio of HCOO-/H2 production rate for bare Cu foil, 0.78 ML Pb/Cu and Pb foil. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [78]. Copyright 2019, American Chemical Society.

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