Metal-organic-framework-based materials as green catalysts for alcohol oxidation

doi:10.1016/S1872-2067(23)64451-1

Chinese Journal of Catalysis ›› 2023, Vol. 50: 126-174.DOI: 10.1016/S1872-2067(23)64451-1

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Metal-organic-framework-based materials as green catalysts for alcohol oxidation

Guoqing An^a, Xiaowei Zhang^b^,^*(), Canyang Zhang^a, Hongyi Gao^a^,^c^,^d^,^*(), Siqi Liu^a, Geng Qin^a, Hui Qi^a, Jitti Kasemchainan^e, Jianwei Zhang^a, Ge Wang^a^,^*()

^aBeijing Advanced Innovation Center for Materials Genome Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory of Function Materials for Molecule & Structure Construction, School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
^bInstitute of Advanced Materials, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
^cShunde Graduate School, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Shunde 528399, Guangdong, China
^dSINOPEC Changling Branch Company, Yueyang 414012, Hunan, China
^eDepartment of Chemical Technology, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand

Received:2023-02-28 Accepted:2023-04-23 Online:2023-07-18 Published:2023-07-25
Contact: *E-mail: xiaoweizhang@bnu.edu.cn (X. Zhang), hygao@ustb.edu.cn (H. Gao), gewang@ustb.edu.cn (G. Wang).
About author:Xiaowei Zhang (Institute of Advanced Materials, Beijing Normal University) received her Ph.D. degree in Materials Science and Engineering from University of Science and Technology Beijing in 2015. She then worked as a postdoc fellow in the Department of Physics at Peking University from 2015 to 2018. Since 2018, she has been working at the Institute of Advanced Materials of Beijing Normal University. Her research interest mainly focuses on organic-inorganic hybrid materials and their applications in energy storage, catalysis and optoelectronics. She has published more than 40 peer-reviewed papers.
Hongyi Gao (Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Materials Genome Engineering, School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing) received his Ph.D. in Materials Physics and Chemistry, University of Science and Technology Beijing in 2015. She then worked as a postdoc fellow in the School of Energy and Environmental Engineering at University of Science and Technology Beijing from 2015 to 2017. He is now an associate professor at University of Science and Technology Beijing. His current research focuses on synthesis and application of MOFs based energy storage and conversion materials and heterogeneous catalysts. He has published more than 100 peer-reviewed papers.
Ge Wang (Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Materials Genome Engineering, School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing) received her Ph.D. in Chemistry from the Michigan Technological University in 2002. Currently she is a professor and Ph.D. supervisor in the School of Material Science and Engineering at the University of Science and Technology Beijing. In 2012, she became a special chair professor endowed by the Chang Jiang Scholars Program of the Ministry of Education. Her research interests focus on creating complex materials structures with nanoscale precision using chemical approaches, and studying the functionalities including catalytic, energy storage and energy saving properties etc. She has published more than 300 peer-reviewed papers.
Supported by:
National Key R&D Program of China(2021YFB3500700);Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province of China(2022A1515011918);National Natural Science Foundation of China(52002029);Beijing Natural Science Foundation(2232053);Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(QNXM20210012);Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(FRF-IDRY-20-004)

Abstract

Abstract:

The selective oxidation of alcohols is widely regarded as one of the most important reactions in organic synthesis. Although efficient and environmentally friendly catalysts for alcohol oxidation are highly desirable, their development remains an enormous challenge. Metal-organic framework (MOF)-based catalysts have demonstrated great potential in the catalytic oxidation of alcohols and have remarkably progressed in the past few decades owing to their advantages of large surface area, tunable porous structure, abundant accessible active sites, and ease of reuse and recycling. In this review, recent representative results of the catalytic oxidation of alcohols by MOF-based materials are summarized and classified according to the type of material and reaction, such as pristine MOFs, MOF composites, and MOF derivatives for traditional thermal catalysis, photo-assisted catalysis, and electro-assisted catalysis. Each catalytic system is described in detail from multiple aspects, including the materials synthesis process, catalytic performance, alcohol oxidation mechanisms, and material stability. Thus, the aims of this review are to identify potentially efficient, green, and reusable MOF-based catalytic systems and to provide new insights for the further development of catalytic alcohol oxidation to obtain the target organics.

Key words: MOF-based material, Alcohol oxidation, Green catalysis, Catalytic performance, Stability

Guoqing An, Xiaowei Zhang, Canyang Zhang, Hongyi Gao, Siqi Liu, Geng Qin, Hui Qi, Jitti Kasemchainan, Jianwei Zhang, Ge Wang. Metal-organic-framework-based materials as green catalysts for alcohol oxidation[J]. Chinese Journal of Catalysis, 2023, 50: 126-174.

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Figures/Tables 43

Scheme 1. Schematic representation of three different types of MOF-based catalysts (MOFs, MOF composites, and MOF derivatives) used for alcohol oxidation reactions.

Scheme 2. Schematic representation of the advantages of MOF-based catalysts in alcohol oxidation.

Scheme 3. Schematic representation of alcohol oxidation into corresponding carbonyl compounds using pristine MOFs catalysts.

Table 1 List of pristine MOFs used as catalysts for alcohol oxidation.

Entry	Catalyst	Catalyst amount	Co-catalyst	Base	Condition	Substrate	Conv. (%)	Sel. (%)	Reusa bility (cycles)
1	Fe-MOF-808 [93]	10 mol%	—	—	CH₃CN/TBHP/90 °C/9 h	benzyl alcohol	99	96	4
2	UiO-66(Zr)-V [94]	0.34 mol%	—	—	CH₃CN/TBHP/80 °C/9 h	trans-2-hexen-1-ol	88	> 99	3
3	UiO-67-TEMPO (38%) [95]	1 mol%	tertbutyl nitrite (t-BuONO)	—	1,2-dichlorethane/air/ 25 °C/24 h	benzyl alcohol	> 99	> 99	3
4	UiO-68-TEMPO microcrystal [96]	5 mol%	tertbutyl nitrite (TBN)	—	1,2-dichlorethane, H₂O/air/80 °C/8 h	benzyl alcohol	> 99	> 99	3
5	Cu₃₍BTC)₂ [97]	0.732 mmol	TEMPO	Na₂CO₃	CH₃CN/O₂/75 °C/22 h	benzyl alcohol	89	98	—
6	Cu-MOF-2 [98]	17 mol%	TEMPO	Na₂CO₃	CH₃CN/O₂/120 °C/16 h	benzyl alcohol 4- fluorobenzyl alcohol benzhydrol cinnamyl alcohol	> 99 69 — >99	> 99 >99 — >99	15
7	Cu₃(BTC)₂-PEG300 [73]	30 mg	TEMPO	—	CH₃CN/O₂/75 °C/3 h	benzyl alcohol	> 90	> 98	4
8	Cu-MOF-74 [99]	0.025 mmol	TEMPO	4-dimethylaminopyridine (DMAP)	CH₃CN/O₂/70 °C/12 h	benzyl alcohol cinnamyl alcohol 4-bromobenzyl alcohol	89 80 > 99	> 99 > 99 > 99	2 at least
9	Cu-FMOF [100]	10 mol%	TEMPO	Na₂CO₃	CH₃CN/O₂/75 °C/16 h	benzyl alcohol 4-methoxybenzyl alcohol 4-fluorobenzyl alcohol	94 99 89	99 99 99	5
10	UoB-1(Cu) [101]	3 mol%	—	—	solvent-free/TBHP/ 45 °C/1.5-3 h	benzyl alcohol 4- nitrobenzyl alcohol benzhydrol	95 85 75	> 99 > 99 > 99	6
11	Cu MOF 1 [102]	—	—	—	solvent-free/TBHP/ 100 °C/0.5 h/ Microwave-irradiation	benzyl alcohol 1-phenylethanol	81 98	> 99 > 99	3
12	[Cu(μ-1_kO¹:2_kO²,3_kO³: 4_kO⁴-L)(DMF)]_n. 4n(DMF) [103]	40 μmol	—	—	solvent-free/TBHP/ 120 °C/2 h/ Microwave-irradiation	1-phenylethanol	94	> 99	4
13	Cu-MOF [104]	0.25 mmol%	—	—	DMF/DTBP/100 °C/ 2.5 h	benzyl alcohol	95	> 99	6
14	Co-BTC [105]	3.66 mmol%	—	—	DMF/O₂/90 °C/10 h	benzyl alcohol	93	97	3
15	Co(bdc)(ted)_0.5 [61]	35 mol%	—	—	DMF/O₂/90 °C/8 h	benzyl alcohol	82	> 99	3
16	MOF I [106]	3 mol%	proline	—	CH₃CN/O₂/25 °C/3 h	benzyl alcohol	95	> 99	5
17	STA-12(Co) [107]	2 mol%	—	—	ethyl acetate /TBHP/ 60 °C	1-phenylethanol (3 h) benzylalcohol (2.5 h)	> 99 46	> 99 > 99	5
18	UoB-2(Ni) [108]	2 mol%	—	—	solvent-free/TBHP/ 65 °C	benzyl alcohol (1 h) 4-chlorobenzyl alcohol (2 h)	95 90	> 99 > 99	4
19	UoB-3(Co) [62]	2 mol%	—	—	solvent-free/TBHP/ 65 °C	benzyl alcohol (1 h) 4-chlorobenyl alcohol(2h)	95 84	> 99 > 99	5
20	STA-12(Fe) [109]	8 mol%	—	—	ethyl acetate /TBHP+Na₂S₂O₄/ 25 °C/2 h	5- chlorobenzyl alcohol benzyl alcohol 1- phenylethanol cyclohexanol	> 99 95 > 99 20	> 99 > 99 > 99 > 99	14
21	Fe(OH)(BI-m) [110]	29.0 umol	—	—	CH₃CN/O₂/25 °C/5 h	4-nitrobenzyl alcohol (4 h) benzylalcohol (2 h) cyclohexanol (4 h)	> 99 > 99 36	> 99 > 99 > 99	—
22	Fe-MOF [111]	7 mol%	—	—	CH₃CN/TBHP/80 °C/3 h	benzyl alcohol	> 91	> 99	4
23	MOFs-253-Ru7 [112]	7 mol%	—	—	dichloromethane/ PhI(OAc)₂/40 °C	1- phenylethanol (2 h) cyclohexanol (4.5 h) octanol (2 h)	97 98 99	> 99 > 99 > 99	6
24	Ir(III)Cp*Cl@ COMOC-4 [113]	3 mol%	—	—	toluene/O₂+iodobenzene /150 °C/24 h	benzyl alcohol	54	> 99	4
25	Cu(II)/MOF-NH₂ [114]	1 mol%	TEMPO	—	CH₃CN/O₂/70 °C	benzyl alcohol (6 h) 5- chlorobenzyl alcohol (7 h) pyridin-3-yl-methanol (11.5 h)	98 96 61	> 99 > 99 > 99	5
26	CuII/ZIF-8 [115]	1 mol%	TEMPO	NaHCO₃	CH₃CN/O₂/60 °C/12 h	benzyl alcohol 4- fluorobenzyl alcohol 2-phenyl-2-propene-1-ol 2-pyridine-methanol	99 85 92 95	99 99 99 99	15

Table 1 List of pristine MOFs used as catalysts for alcohol oxidation.

Entry	Catalyst	Catalyst amount	Co-catalyst	Base	Condition	Substrate	Conv. (%)	Sel. (%)	Reusa bility (cycles)
1	Fe-MOF-808 [93]	10 mol%	—	—	CH₃CN/TBHP/90 °C/9 h	benzyl alcohol	99	96	4
2	UiO-66(Zr)-V [94]	0.34 mol%	—	—	CH₃CN/TBHP/80 °C/9 h	trans-2-hexen-1-ol	88	> 99	3
3	UiO-67-TEMPO (38%) [95]	1 mol%	tertbutyl nitrite (t-BuONO)	—	1,2-dichlorethane/air/ 25 °C/24 h	benzyl alcohol	> 99	> 99	3
4	UiO-68-TEMPO microcrystal [96]	5 mol%	tertbutyl nitrite (TBN)	—	1,2-dichlorethane, H₂O/air/80 °C/8 h	benzyl alcohol	> 99	> 99	3
5	Cu₃₍BTC)₂ [97]	0.732 mmol	TEMPO	Na₂CO₃	CH₃CN/O₂/75 °C/22 h	benzyl alcohol	89	98	—
6	Cu-MOF-2 [98]	17 mol%	TEMPO	Na₂CO₃	CH₃CN/O₂/120 °C/16 h	benzyl alcohol 4- fluorobenzyl alcohol benzhydrol cinnamyl alcohol	> 99 69 — >99	> 99 >99 — >99	15
7	Cu₃(BTC)₂-PEG300 [73]	30 mg	TEMPO	—	CH₃CN/O₂/75 °C/3 h	benzyl alcohol	> 90	> 98	4
8	Cu-MOF-74 [99]	0.025 mmol	TEMPO	4-dimethylaminopyridine (DMAP)	CH₃CN/O₂/70 °C/12 h	benzyl alcohol cinnamyl alcohol 4-bromobenzyl alcohol	89 80 > 99	> 99 > 99 > 99	2 at least
9	Cu-FMOF [100]	10 mol%	TEMPO	Na₂CO₃	CH₃CN/O₂/75 °C/16 h	benzyl alcohol 4-methoxybenzyl alcohol 4-fluorobenzyl alcohol	94 99 89	99 99 99	5
10	UoB-1(Cu) [101]	3 mol%	—	—	solvent-free/TBHP/ 45 °C/1.5-3 h	benzyl alcohol 4- nitrobenzyl alcohol benzhydrol	95 85 75	> 99 > 99 > 99	6
11	Cu MOF 1 [102]	—	—	—	solvent-free/TBHP/ 100 °C/0.5 h/ Microwave-irradiation	benzyl alcohol 1-phenylethanol	81 98	> 99 > 99	3
12	[Cu(μ-1_kO¹:2_kO²,3_kO³: 4_kO⁴-L)(DMF)]_n. 4n(DMF) [103]	40 μmol	—	—	solvent-free/TBHP/ 120 °C/2 h/ Microwave-irradiation	1-phenylethanol	94	> 99	4
13	Cu-MOF [104]	0.25 mmol%	—	—	DMF/DTBP/100 °C/ 2.5 h	benzyl alcohol	95	> 99	6
14	Co-BTC [105]	3.66 mmol%	—	—	DMF/O₂/90 °C/10 h	benzyl alcohol	93	97	3
15	Co(bdc)(ted)_0.5 [61]	35 mol%	—	—	DMF/O₂/90 °C/8 h	benzyl alcohol	82	> 99	3
16	MOF I [106]	3 mol%	proline	—	CH₃CN/O₂/25 °C/3 h	benzyl alcohol	95	> 99	5
17	STA-12(Co) [107]	2 mol%	—	—	ethyl acetate /TBHP/ 60 °C	1-phenylethanol (3 h) benzylalcohol (2.5 h)	> 99 46	> 99 > 99	5
18	UoB-2(Ni) [108]	2 mol%	—	—	solvent-free/TBHP/ 65 °C	benzyl alcohol (1 h) 4-chlorobenzyl alcohol (2 h)	95 90	> 99 > 99	4
19	UoB-3(Co) [62]	2 mol%	—	—	solvent-free/TBHP/ 65 °C	benzyl alcohol (1 h) 4-chlorobenyl alcohol(2h)	95 84	> 99 > 99	5
20	STA-12(Fe) [109]	8 mol%	—	—	ethyl acetate /TBHP+Na₂S₂O₄/ 25 °C/2 h	5- chlorobenzyl alcohol benzyl alcohol 1- phenylethanol cyclohexanol	> 99 95 > 99 20	> 99 > 99 > 99 > 99	14
21	Fe(OH)(BI-m) [110]	29.0 umol	—	—	CH₃CN/O₂/25 °C/5 h	4-nitrobenzyl alcohol (4 h) benzylalcohol (2 h) cyclohexanol (4 h)	> 99 > 99 36	> 99 > 99 > 99	—
22	Fe-MOF [111]	7 mol%	—	—	CH₃CN/TBHP/80 °C/3 h	benzyl alcohol	> 91	> 99	4
23	MOFs-253-Ru7 [112]	7 mol%	—	—	dichloromethane/ PhI(OAc)₂/40 °C	1- phenylethanol (2 h) cyclohexanol (4.5 h) octanol (2 h)	97 98 99	> 99 > 99 > 99	6
24	Ir(III)Cp*Cl@ COMOC-4 [113]	3 mol%	—	—	toluene/O₂+iodobenzene /150 °C/24 h	benzyl alcohol	54	> 99	4
25	Cu(II)/MOF-NH₂ [114]	1 mol%	TEMPO	—	CH₃CN/O₂/70 °C	benzyl alcohol (6 h) 5- chlorobenzyl alcohol (7 h) pyridin-3-yl-methanol (11.5 h)	98 96 61	> 99 > 99 > 99	5
26	CuII/ZIF-8 [115]	1 mol%	TEMPO	NaHCO₃	CH₃CN/O₂/60 °C/12 h	benzyl alcohol 4- fluorobenzyl alcohol 2-phenyl-2-propene-1-ol 2-pyridine-methanol	99 85 92 95	99 99 99 99	15

Fig. 1. (a) Illustration of the synthesis process and reaction mechanism. (b) SEM images and EDX mapping of Fe-grafted MOF-808. (b) Fe K-edge XANES spectra of Fe-MOF-808 and reference compounds. (c) Fe K-edge EXAFS spectrum of Fe-MOF-808 obtained from experimental data (dots) and the proposed DFT models (solid line). Reprinted with permission from Ref. [93]. Copyright 2019, the Author(s). This article is distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution (CC-BY) license.

Fig. 2. (a) Illustration of the synthesis process of UiO-66-TEMPO(x%) and UiO-67-TEMPO(x%) materials. (b,c) Yield-time curves for the oxidation of diphenylmethanol (b) and benzyl alcohol (c) catalyzed by various catalysts. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [95]. Copyright 2017, American Chemical Society. (d) Illustration of the synthesis process of UiO-68-TEMPO. (e) Leaching test of UiO-68-TEMPO single crystals. (f) Reusability tests of UiO-68-TEMPO single crystals (red column) and UiO-68-TEMPOmicro (blue column). (g) Catalytic mechanisms of UiO-68-TEMPO. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [96]. Copyright 2019, American Chemical Society.

Fig. 3. (a) Schematic diagrams of the catalytic process (top) and deactivation process (down) of Cu3(BTC)2. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [97]. Copyright 2011, American Chemical Society. (b) Illustration of the synthesis process of three different dimensions of [Cu3(BTC)2]. (c) The shape and size-selective effect of g Cu-MOF-2. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [98]. Copyright 2015, Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim. (d) Schematic illustration of the synthesis process of Cu3(BTC)2-PEG300 catalyst. (e) Reusability of Cu3(BTC)2-PEG300. (f) Conversion curves of benzyl alcohol to benzaldehyde catalyzed by a) Cu3(BTC)2-PEG300, b) Cu3(BTC)2-PEG400, and c) Cu3(BTC)2-PEG600. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [73]. Copyright 2014, Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.

Fig. 4. (a) Schematic diagram of the catalytic process of Cu-FMOF. (b) Proposed catalytic mechanism of Cu-FMOF. (c) Cu-FMOF recycling studies. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [100]. Copyright 2017, Elsevier B.V. (d) Illustration of the synthesis process of UoB-1. (e) Plausible catalytic mechanism of UoB-1. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [101]. Copyright 2017, Elsevier B.V.

Fig. 5. (a) Asymmetric unit of Cu MOF 1. (b) 3D packing view of Cu MOF 1. (c,d) Schematic diagram of the catalytic process of Cu MOF 1. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [102]. Copyright 2016, American Chemical Society. (e) Proposed catalytic mechanism of [Cu(μ-1kO1:2kO2,3kO3:4kO4-L)(DMF)]n·4n(DMF). Reprinted with permission from Ref. [103]. Copyright 2019, the Royal Society of Chemistry. (f,g) Unit-cell crystal structure and SBU of Cu-MOF. (h) Crystal structure of Cu-MOF viewed along the [010] direction. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [104]. Copyright 2021, the Author(s). This article is distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution (CC-BY-NC) license.

Fig. 6. (a) Structures and catalytic process of Co-BTC. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [105]. Copyright 2017, the Royal Society of Chemistry. (b) Illustration of the structures of M(bdc)(ted)0.5 (M = Co, Cu, Ni, or Zn). (c) Recycling tests of Co(bdc)(ted)0.5. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [61]. Copyright 2016, the Royal Society of Chemistry. (d,e) Trinuclear SBU and spatial structure of MOF I. (f) Reaction mechanism of the MOF I catalytic system. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [106]. Copyright 2021, the Royal Society of Chemistry.

Fig. 7. (a,c) Synthetic procedures (a) and catalytic stability (c) of UoB-2. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [108]. Copyright 2017, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. (b,d) Synthetic procedures (b) and catalytic stability (d) of UoB-3. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [62]. Copyright 2019, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Fig. 8. (a,b) Crystal structure (a) and proposed reaction mechanism (b) of Fe(OH)(BIm). Reprinted with permission from Ref. [110]. Copyright 2019, American Chemical Society. (c) Proposed mechanism for the benzyl alcohol oxidation with Fe-MOF. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [111]. Copyright 2021, Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. (d) Illustration of the structures and synthetic procedures of MOF-253. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [112]. Copyright 2012, Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim. (e) Illustration of two different synthetic methods of Ir(III)Cp*Cl@COMOC-4. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [113]. Copyright 2016, Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.

Fig. 9. (a) SEM image of catalyst 3. (b,c) Corresponding elemental distributions of Cu2+ (b) and Cl- (c). (d) Schematic diagrams of the catalytic process of catalyst 3. (e) Recyclability test of catalyst 3 for the aerobic oxidation of benzyl alcohol. (f) Illustration of the synthetic route of catalyst 3. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [114]. Copyright 2017, the Author(s). This article is distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution (CC-BY-NC) license.

Scheme 4. Schematic representation of alcohol oxidation into corresponding carbonyl compounds using MOF composite catalysts.

Table 2 List of MOF composites used as catalysts for alcohol oxidation.

Entry	Catalyst	Catalyst amount	Co- catalyst	Base	Condition	Substrate	Conv. (%)	Sel. (%)	Reusability (cycles)
1	Au@Cu(II)-MOF [52]	3 mol%	—	—	toluene/air/110 °C/15 h	benzyl alcohol benzyl alcohol with other substituents	> 98 > 97	> 99 > 99	5
2	Pd@Cu(II)-MOF [116]	5 mol%	—	—	xylene/air/130 °C/25 h	benzyl alcohol benzyl alcohol with other substituents	95 ≥ 93	> 99 > 99	7
3	Pd@DE-HKUST-1 [117]	50 mg	—	—	toluene/O₂/120 °C/20 h	cinnamyl alcohol	88.1	> 93	3
4	Pd₁-MOF [118]	0.1 mol%	—	—	solvent-free/O₂/ 150 °C/24 h	benzyl alcohol	> 78	> 55 (benz oic acid)	3
5	Pd-FMOF [119]	5 mg	—	—	m-xylene/air/130 °C/12 h	benzyl alcohol	89.3	> 99	3
6	Au@Zn/Ni-MOF-2 [120]	15 mg	—	—	toluene/air/ 95 °C/2 h	benzyl alcohol 1-naphthalenemethanol geraniol 2,6-pyridinedimethanol phenethyl alcohol	98 77 33 37 70	> 99 > 99 > 99 > 99 > 99	5
7	Au@UiO66 [48]	50 mg	—	K₂CO₃	solvent-free/O₂/80 °C/ trace H₂O/10 h	benzyl alcohol	53.8	> 99	8
8	SPS-Cu(II)@Cu₃(BTC₎₂ [121]	2 mol%	TEMPO	—	CH₃CN/O₂/75 °C/8 h	benzyl alcohol p-substituted benzylic alcohols pyridin-2-yl-methanol cinnamyl alcohol 3-methyl-2-buten-1-ol 1-phenyl ethanol, 2-cycloh- exen-1-ol and cyclopentanol	> 99 > 99 > 99 > 99 > 99 8	> 99 > 99 > 99 > 99 > 99 > 99	10
9	0.6CoO@MIL-101 [122]	100 mg	—	—	toluene/O₂/100 °C/12 h	benzyl alcohol	92	> 99	5
10	Fe₃O₄@MIL-101(Cr) [53]	15 mg	—	—	CH₃CN/H₂O₂/80 °C/1 h	benzyl alcohol	98	> 99	5
11	Fe₃O₄@SiO₂@APTMS@ V-MIL-101 [123]	40 mg	—	—	CH₃CN/TBHP/80 °C/24 h	geraniol	> 99	> 99	5
12	AuNi/MIL-101 [18]	20 mg	—	—	THF/O₂/80 °C/4 h	benzyl alcohol 4-methylbenzyl alcohol 4-methoxybenzyl alcohol 4-chlorobenzyl alcohol n-butanol 2-butanol	84.8 53.7 44.9 23.4 21.9 20.8	99.1 98.0 99.1 98.6 99.2 90.0	4
13	Pd-Ce NPs/functional Fe-MIL-101-NH₂ [124]	25 mg	—	—	CH₃CN&H₂O/O₂/ 60 °C/6 h	glycerol ethanol 1,5-pentanediol benzyl alcohol	55 64 49 56	— — — —	3
14	Au@MIL-53(NH₂) [125]	1 mol%	—	—	toluene/O₂/100 °C/13 h	benzyl alcohol 4-methylbenzyl alcohol 3-methoxybenzyl alcohol (15 h) 3-fluoro-benzyl alcohol (15 h) 2-thiophene methanol (18 h)	> 99 > 99 90 59 85	> 99 > 99 > 99 > 99 > 99	5
15	MOF-POM [126]	20 mg	—	—	H₂O/H₂O₂/40 °C/24 h	glycerol	48.6	42.7 (acids)	5
16	MOF-HPW [127]	50 mg	—	—	cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB) micellar solutions/H₂O₂/80 °C/3 h	benzyl alcohol benzhydrol (9 h) 2-phenylethanol (9 h) cyclohexanol 1-octanol (24 h)	98 59 66 65 25	> 99 > 99 > 99 > 99 > 99	5
17	PW-MOF [128]	0.01 mmol	—	—	CH₃CN/H₂O₂/85 °C/5 h	benzyl alcohol phenylethyl alcohol 1-octanol 1-heptanol	85 97 14 16	98 98 99 99	2
18	HENU-1 [129]	0.2 mol%	—	—	CH₃CN/TBHP/60 °C/3 h	1-phenylethanol methyl/methoxyl/bromo substituted 1-phenylethanol	97 96	> 99 > 99	5
19	Cu(BDC)/CMC [130]	85 mg	TEMPO	Na₂CO₃	CH₃CN/O₂/80 °C/18-24 h	benzyl alcohol cyclohexanol	92 24	> 99 > 99	4
20	SCS [131]	—	—	—	iso-propanol/air/120 °C/1 h	vanillyl alcohol	> 99	> 99	5

Table 2 List of MOF composites used as catalysts for alcohol oxidation.

Entry	Catalyst	Catalyst amount	Co- catalyst	Base	Condition	Substrate	Conv. (%)	Sel. (%)	Reusability (cycles)
1	Au@Cu(II)-MOF [52]	3 mol%	—	—	toluene/air/110 °C/15 h	benzyl alcohol benzyl alcohol with other substituents	> 98 > 97	> 99 > 99	5
2	Pd@Cu(II)-MOF [116]	5 mol%	—	—	xylene/air/130 °C/25 h	benzyl alcohol benzyl alcohol with other substituents	95 ≥ 93	> 99 > 99	7
3	Pd@DE-HKUST-1 [117]	50 mg	—	—	toluene/O₂/120 °C/20 h	cinnamyl alcohol	88.1	> 93	3
4	Pd₁-MOF [118]	0.1 mol%	—	—	solvent-free/O₂/ 150 °C/24 h	benzyl alcohol	> 78	> 55 (benz oic acid)	3
5	Pd-FMOF [119]	5 mg	—	—	m-xylene/air/130 °C/12 h	benzyl alcohol	89.3	> 99	3
6	Au@Zn/Ni-MOF-2 [120]	15 mg	—	—	toluene/air/ 95 °C/2 h	benzyl alcohol 1-naphthalenemethanol geraniol 2,6-pyridinedimethanol phenethyl alcohol	98 77 33 37 70	> 99 > 99 > 99 > 99 > 99	5
7	Au@UiO66 [48]	50 mg	—	K₂CO₃	solvent-free/O₂/80 °C/ trace H₂O/10 h	benzyl alcohol	53.8	> 99	8
8	SPS-Cu(II)@Cu₃(BTC₎₂ [121]	2 mol%	TEMPO	—	CH₃CN/O₂/75 °C/8 h	benzyl alcohol p-substituted benzylic alcohols pyridin-2-yl-methanol cinnamyl alcohol 3-methyl-2-buten-1-ol 1-phenyl ethanol, 2-cycloh- exen-1-ol and cyclopentanol	> 99 > 99 > 99 > 99 > 99 8	> 99 > 99 > 99 > 99 > 99 > 99	10
9	0.6CoO@MIL-101 [122]	100 mg	—	—	toluene/O₂/100 °C/12 h	benzyl alcohol	92	> 99	5
10	Fe₃O₄@MIL-101(Cr) [53]	15 mg	—	—	CH₃CN/H₂O₂/80 °C/1 h	benzyl alcohol	98	> 99	5
11	Fe₃O₄@SiO₂@APTMS@ V-MIL-101 [123]	40 mg	—	—	CH₃CN/TBHP/80 °C/24 h	geraniol	> 99	> 99	5
12	AuNi/MIL-101 [18]	20 mg	—	—	THF/O₂/80 °C/4 h	benzyl alcohol 4-methylbenzyl alcohol 4-methoxybenzyl alcohol 4-chlorobenzyl alcohol n-butanol 2-butanol	84.8 53.7 44.9 23.4 21.9 20.8	99.1 98.0 99.1 98.6 99.2 90.0	4
13	Pd-Ce NPs/functional Fe-MIL-101-NH₂ [124]	25 mg	—	—	CH₃CN&H₂O/O₂/ 60 °C/6 h	glycerol ethanol 1,5-pentanediol benzyl alcohol	55 64 49 56	— — — —	3
14	Au@MIL-53(NH₂) [125]	1 mol%	—	—	toluene/O₂/100 °C/13 h	benzyl alcohol 4-methylbenzyl alcohol 3-methoxybenzyl alcohol (15 h) 3-fluoro-benzyl alcohol (15 h) 2-thiophene methanol (18 h)	> 99 > 99 90 59 85	> 99 > 99 > 99 > 99 > 99	5
15	MOF-POM [126]	20 mg	—	—	H₂O/H₂O₂/40 °C/24 h	glycerol	48.6	42.7 (acids)	5
16	MOF-HPW [127]	50 mg	—	—	cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB) micellar solutions/H₂O₂/80 °C/3 h	benzyl alcohol benzhydrol (9 h) 2-phenylethanol (9 h) cyclohexanol 1-octanol (24 h)	98 59 66 65 25	> 99 > 99 > 99 > 99 > 99	5
17	PW-MOF [128]	0.01 mmol	—	—	CH₃CN/H₂O₂/85 °C/5 h	benzyl alcohol phenylethyl alcohol 1-octanol 1-heptanol	85 97 14 16	98 98 99 99	2
18	HENU-1 [129]	0.2 mol%	—	—	CH₃CN/TBHP/60 °C/3 h	1-phenylethanol methyl/methoxyl/bromo substituted 1-phenylethanol	97 96	> 99 > 99	5
19	Cu(BDC)/CMC [130]	85 mg	TEMPO	Na₂CO₃	CH₃CN/O₂/80 °C/18-24 h	benzyl alcohol cyclohexanol	92 24	> 99 > 99	4
20	SCS [131]	—	—	—	iso-propanol/air/120 °C/1 h	vanillyl alcohol	> 99	> 99	5

Fig. 10. (a,b) Diagrams showing the preparation of Au@Cu(II)-MOF and Pd@Cu(II)-MOF. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [52,116]. Copyright 2016, American Chemical Society. (c) Possible interactions between Pd NPs and DE-HKUST-1: left) Pd NPs stabilized by the missing node sites with N-rich local environment; right) Pd NPs stabilized at the modified coordinatively unsaturated sites (mCUSs). Reprinted with permission from Ref. [117]. Copyright 2019, the Royal Society of Chemistry. (d) Illustration of the two-step postsynthetic route for Pd1-MOF (yellow, blue, red, cyan, and purple spheres represent S, Pd, O, Cu, and Sr atoms). (e) Reaction mechanism for Pd SACs in solution. (f) Reusability of Pd1-MOF. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [118]. Copyright 2021, the Author(s). This article is distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution (CC-BY) license.

Fig. 11. (a) Preparation process of hollow Au@Zn/Ni-MOF-2. (b,c) Catalytic performance test (b) and recyclability tests (c) of Au@Zn/Ni-MOF-2. (d) Catalytic alcohol oxidation using Au@Zn/Ni-MOF-2. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [120]. Copyright 2021, American Chemical Society.

Fig. 12. (a) Schematic diagrams of the catalytic process of Au@MIL-53(NH2). (b) Proposed catalytic mechanism of Au@MIL-53(NH2). (c) Leaching test and reusability of Au@MIL-53(NH2). Reprinted with permission from Ref. [125]. Copyright 2015, Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.

Fig. 13. (a) Synthesis process of SPS-Cu(II)@Cu3(BTC)2 composite. (b) Recycling tests for the SPS-Cu(II)@Cu3(BTC)2 composite and SPS-Cu(II). Reprinted with permission from Ref. [121]. Copyright 2015, the Royal Society of Chemistry. (c) TEM image of MIL-101. (d-f) TEM images of 0.6CoO@MIL-101. (g) Catalytic performance and cycle performance of 0.6CoO@MIL-101. (h) Schematic illustration of CoO@MIL-101 synthesized via the CTC strategy. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [122]. Copyright 2021, American Chemical Society. (i) Diagram showing the preparation of V-MIL-101 and Fe3O4@SiO2@APTMS@V-MIL-101. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [123]. Copyright 2014, Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Fig. 14. (a) Illustration of the synthetic pathway for AuNi/MIL-101. (b) Probable catalytic mechanism of AuNi/MIL-101. (c) Recyclability of AuNi/MIL-101-1. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [18]. Copyright 2019, Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. (d) Synthesis of functionalized Fe-MIL-101-NH2-supported Pd-Ce nanoparticles. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [124]. Copyright 2016, Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Fig. 15. (a) Pathway for glycerol transformation on MOF-POMs (dashed lines represent products detected by GC-MS). Reprinted with permission from Ref. [126]. Copyright 2015, the Royal Society of Chemistry. (b) Illustration of catalytic performances of MOFs with different POMs for the oxidation of benzyl alcohol to benzaldehyde. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [127]. Copyright 2014, Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim. (c) Several basic formation processes of HENU-1. (d) Oxidation mechanism of 1-phenylethanol catalyzed by HENU-1. (e) Leaching experiment and recyclability of the HENU-1 catalyst. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [129]. Copyright 2019, American Chemical Society.

Fig. 16. (a) Image of the final SCS catalyst. (b) SCS catalyst bundled and hanged by a Cu wire. (c,f) Illustration of the reaction of VAL converted to VN via the SCS catalyst. (d,e) Schematic representation for preparing the HKUST-1 mesh (d) and TEMPO@CC (e). (g) Proposed mechanism for VAL conversion to VN via the SCS catalyst. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [131]. Copyright 2021, Elsevier B.V. (h) Schematic representation for preparing the Cu(BDC)/CMC hybrid. (i) Reaction mechanism of Cu(BDC)/CMC catalyst. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [130]. Copyright 2021, Elsevier Ltd.

Scheme 5. Schematic representation of alcohol oxidation into corresponding carbonyl compounds catalyzed by MOF derivatives.

Table 3 List of MOF derivatives used as catalysts for alcohol oxidation.

Entry	Catalyst	Catalyst amount	Co- catalyst	base	Conditions	Substrate	Conv. (%)	Sel. (%)	Reusability (cycles)
1	Co@C-N(800) [40]	Co 15 mol%	—	—	n-hexane/air/ 25 °C/96 h	benzyl alcohol 2-methylbenzyl alcohol 3-methylbenzyl alcohol benzylic alcohols substituted with -CO₂CH₃, -NO₂, -F, -Cl, -Br, and -I	> 99 86 94 > 90	> 99 > 99 > 99 > 99	5
2	NC-700 [41]	25 mg	—	K₂CO₃	CH₃OH/O₂/80 °C/12 h	benzyl alcohol 4-methylbenzyl alcohol phenethyl alcohol 2-furanem-ethanol 2-thiophen-emethanol	> 99 98 90 98 85	> 99 > 97 88 90 89	6
3	Co/C-N700 [132]	Co 10 mol%	—	—	H₂O/air/ 100 °C/48 h	1-phenylethanol benzyl alcohol 4-methylbenzyl alcohol cyclohexanol diphenylmethanol	98 92 90 59 98	> 99 > 99 > 99 > 99 99	5
4	MCG-700 [133]	25 mg	—	—	DMF/O₂/100 °C/8 h	benzyl alcohol	89.5	97.3	4
5	Co@C-N(1)-800 [42]	Co 10 mol%	—	—	H₂O/air/ 110 °C/1 h	1-phenylethanol with para substituents (-F, -Br, -Cl) cinnamyl alcohol	> 99 > 95	> 99 > 88	6
6	Co@NC [134]	Co 4 mol%	—	—	H₂O/O₂/50 °C/12 h	benzyl alcohol 4-methylbenzyl alcohol 3-methylbenzyl alcohol 1-octanol	93 89 78 3	>99 > 99 > 99 > 99	6
7	Ru₃/CN [135]	Ru 0.1 mol%	—	—	CH₃CN/H₂O₂/80 °C/0.5 h	2-aminobenzyl alcohol	> 99	> 99	—
8	B-600 [136]	Fe 10 mol%	—	—	H₂O/H₂O₂/110 °C/48 h	benzyl alcohol 4-methylbenzyl alcohol 2-methylbenzyl alcohol benzyl alcohol with para substituents (-NO₂, -F, -Cl, -Br)	99 91 93 84‒99	91 99 99 99	4
9	FN-1000 [137]	20 mg	—	—	H₂O/H₂O₂/110 °C/6 h	benzyl alcohol	86	77	—
10	Cu@C [138]	Cu 5 mol%	TEMPO	N-methyl imidazole	CH₃CN/O₂/70 °C/9 h	benzyl alcohol 4-methylbenzyl alcohol benzyl alcohol with para substituents (-NO₂, -Br, OCH₃)	94 87 91‒99	— — —	2

Fig. 17. (a) Schematic illustration of the synthesis of Co-CoO/@N-doped porous carbon nanocomposites via the pyrolysis of ZIF-67. (b,c) Reusability and leaching test of NC-700-3h. (d) Proposed mechanism for direct oxidative esterification of alcohols by NC-700-3h. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [41]. Copyright 2015, the Royal Society of Chemistry.

Fig. 18. (a) Schematic illustration of the synthesis of hollow yolk-shell Co@C-N nanoreactors. (b) Proposed mechanism of catalytic alcohol oxidation over a Co@C-N(1)-800 nanoreactor. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [42]. Copyright 2018, American Chemical Society. (c) Schematic illustration of the synthesis of Co@NC catalysts. (d) SEM and TEM images of Co/NC. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [134]. Copyright 2019, the Royal Society of Chemistry.

Fig. 20. (a) Corresponding size distribution of Fe3O4 particles for B-600. (b) Magnetic separation and recycling of B-600. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [136]. Copyright 2016, the Royal Society of Chemistry. (c) Schematic illustration for the preparation of spinel nickel ferrite nanorods. (d) Catalytic results of three MOF-derived samples for benzyl alcohol oxidation. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [137]. Copyright 2021, Elsevier Ltd and Techna S.r.1.

Scheme 6. Schematic representation of photocatalytic oxidation of alcohols into corresponding carbonyl compounds using MOF-based catalysts.

Scheme 7. Schematic representation of electrocatalytic oxidation of alcohols into corresponding carbonyl compounds using MOF-based catalysts.

Table 4 List of MOF-based materials used as photocatalysts.

Entry	Catalyst	Catalyst amount	Condition	Substrate	Conv. (%)	Sel. (%)	Reusa bility (cycles)
1	UiO-66(NH₂) [147]	16 mg	Benzotrifluoride/O₂/visible-light (> 420 nm)/4 h	benzyl alcohol 4-methylbenzyl alcohol 3-methyl-2-buten-1-ol 4-chlorobenzyl alcohol	21.2 11.5 35.5 63.3	> 99 > 99 64.36 2.75	3
2	UiO-66-NH₂-F [82]	0.1 mmol	Toluene/O₂/15 °C/visible-light (400‒700 nm)/24 h	benzyl alcohol	53.9	> 99	—
3	Zr(NDC)(NDC-NH₂) [148]	20 mg	CH₃CN/O₂/LED light (> 420 nm)/24 h	4-methoxybenzyl alcohol	> 99	> 99	4
4	Bi-TATB [149]	20 mg	n-hexane/O₂/15 °C/300 W Xe lamp/5 h	benzyl alcohol 4-chlorobenzyl alcohol 4-methylbenzyl alcohol	37.6 17.2 40.6	> 99 83.8 78.0	3
5	Cr-PCN-600 [150]	20 mg	CH₃CN/O₂/~ 32 °C/LED light/36 h	benzyl alcohol	> 99	> 99	3
6	QUI-MiL-125(Ti) [151]	30 mg	CH₃CN/O₂/ 25 °C/white LED light (> 420 nm)/40 h	benzyl alcohol 4-methylbenzyl alcohol 4-fluorobenzyl alcohol 4-methoxybenzyl alcohol	88 93 71 > 99	> 99 > 99 > 99 > 99	5
7	Ce-UiO-66-H [17]	20 mg	benzotrifluoride/O₂/30 °C/300 W Xe lamp (> 400 nm)/24 h	benzyl alcohol	99	> 99	—
8	Ni-doped NH₂-MiL-125(Ti) [152]	50 mg	benzotrifluoride/O₂/25 °C/300 W Xe lamp (> 420 nm)/10 h	benzyl alcohol 4-methylbenzyl alcohol 4-methoxybenzyl alcohol	21.5 43.2 47.4	> 99 > 99 > 99	3
9	Cu/Cu@UiO-66 [153]	32 mg	CH₃CN/O₂/25 °C/300 W Xe lamp (> 400 nm)/3 h	benzyl alcohol 4-methylbenzyl alcohol 4-methoxybenzyl alcohol 4-fluorobenzyl alcohol	49.5 50.3 69.4 26.6	> 99 > 99 > 99 > 99	5
10	1%Pt/MIL-125-NH₂ [154]	100 mg	toluene/O₂/15 °C/300 W Xe lamp (> 350 nm)/4 h	benzyl alcohol	32.5	>99	—
11	CoFe₂O₄/Ce-UiO-66 [155]	100 mg	n-hexane/air/25 °C/visible-light/6 h	benzyl alcohol 4-methoxybenzyl alcohol 4-chlorobenzyl alcohol 1-butanol 1-pentol	75 75 80 71 70	> 99 > 99 > 99 > 99 > 99	5
12	Pd/TiO₂@MiL-101 [156]	4.5 mg	90 °C/24 h	diphenylmethanol	98	97	5
13	Ru(bpy)₃@MIL- 125-NH₂ [157]	5 mg	CH₃CN/O₂/25 °C/500 W Xe lamp (> 400 nm)/8 h	benzyl alcohol	trace	> 99	—
14	MIL@GO-1% [158]	5 mg	CH₃CN+H₂O (2:1 v/v)/N₂/20 °C/LED light (> 420 nm)/3 h/pH = 8.5	benzyl alcohol	84.5	> 99	—
15	TMU-49/CNNSs-1 wt% [159]	20 mg	n-hexane/air/25 °C/visible-light/3 h	benzyl alcohol	78	> 85	5
16	CdS-MiL-125(Ti)-2 [160]	25 mg	benzotrifluoride/O₂/300 W Xe lamp (> 420 nm)/10 h	benzyl alcohol	20.1	> 99	3
17	CdS/MIL-53(Fe) [161]	5 mg	CH₃CN/Ar/300 W Xe lamp (> 420 nm)/	benzyl alcohol	—	—	—
18	Ru2.5%@N-C [162]	Ru 0.2 mol%	benzotrifluoride/O₂/25 °C/5 W Xe lamp/1 h	benzyl alcohol 4-methylbenzyl alcohol 4-methoxybenzyl alcohol diphenylmethanol	91 92 95 74	> 99 > 99 > 99 > 99	5

Table 4 List of MOF-based materials used as photocatalysts.

Entry	Catalyst	Catalyst amount	Condition	Substrate	Conv. (%)	Sel. (%)	Reusa bility (cycles)
1	UiO-66(NH₂) [147]	16 mg	Benzotrifluoride/O₂/visible-light (> 420 nm)/4 h	benzyl alcohol 4-methylbenzyl alcohol 3-methyl-2-buten-1-ol 4-chlorobenzyl alcohol	21.2 11.5 35.5 63.3	> 99 > 99 64.36 2.75	3
2	UiO-66-NH₂-F [82]	0.1 mmol	Toluene/O₂/15 °C/visible-light (400‒700 nm)/24 h	benzyl alcohol	53.9	> 99	—
3	Zr(NDC)(NDC-NH₂) [148]	20 mg	CH₃CN/O₂/LED light (> 420 nm)/24 h	4-methoxybenzyl alcohol	> 99	> 99	4
4	Bi-TATB [149]	20 mg	n-hexane/O₂/15 °C/300 W Xe lamp/5 h	benzyl alcohol 4-chlorobenzyl alcohol 4-methylbenzyl alcohol	37.6 17.2 40.6	> 99 83.8 78.0	3
5	Cr-PCN-600 [150]	20 mg	CH₃CN/O₂/~ 32 °C/LED light/36 h	benzyl alcohol	> 99	> 99	3
6	QUI-MiL-125(Ti) [151]	30 mg	CH₃CN/O₂/ 25 °C/white LED light (> 420 nm)/40 h	benzyl alcohol 4-methylbenzyl alcohol 4-fluorobenzyl alcohol 4-methoxybenzyl alcohol	88 93 71 > 99	> 99 > 99 > 99 > 99	5
7	Ce-UiO-66-H [17]	20 mg	benzotrifluoride/O₂/30 °C/300 W Xe lamp (> 400 nm)/24 h	benzyl alcohol	99	> 99	—
8	Ni-doped NH₂-MiL-125(Ti) [152]	50 mg	benzotrifluoride/O₂/25 °C/300 W Xe lamp (> 420 nm)/10 h	benzyl alcohol 4-methylbenzyl alcohol 4-methoxybenzyl alcohol	21.5 43.2 47.4	> 99 > 99 > 99	3
9	Cu/Cu@UiO-66 [153]	32 mg	CH₃CN/O₂/25 °C/300 W Xe lamp (> 400 nm)/3 h	benzyl alcohol 4-methylbenzyl alcohol 4-methoxybenzyl alcohol 4-fluorobenzyl alcohol	49.5 50.3 69.4 26.6	> 99 > 99 > 99 > 99	5
10	1%Pt/MIL-125-NH₂ [154]	100 mg	toluene/O₂/15 °C/300 W Xe lamp (> 350 nm)/4 h	benzyl alcohol	32.5	>99	—
11	CoFe₂O₄/Ce-UiO-66 [155]	100 mg	n-hexane/air/25 °C/visible-light/6 h	benzyl alcohol 4-methoxybenzyl alcohol 4-chlorobenzyl alcohol 1-butanol 1-pentol	75 75 80 71 70	> 99 > 99 > 99 > 99 > 99	5
12	Pd/TiO₂@MiL-101 [156]	4.5 mg	90 °C/24 h	diphenylmethanol	98	97	5
13	Ru(bpy)₃@MIL- 125-NH₂ [157]	5 mg	CH₃CN/O₂/25 °C/500 W Xe lamp (> 400 nm)/8 h	benzyl alcohol	trace	> 99	—
14	MIL@GO-1% [158]	5 mg	CH₃CN+H₂O (2:1 v/v)/N₂/20 °C/LED light (> 420 nm)/3 h/pH = 8.5	benzyl alcohol	84.5	> 99	—
15	TMU-49/CNNSs-1 wt% [159]	20 mg	n-hexane/air/25 °C/visible-light/3 h	benzyl alcohol	78	> 85	5
16	CdS-MiL-125(Ti)-2 [160]	25 mg	benzotrifluoride/O₂/300 W Xe lamp (> 420 nm)/10 h	benzyl alcohol	20.1	> 99	3
17	CdS/MIL-53(Fe) [161]	5 mg	CH₃CN/Ar/300 W Xe lamp (> 420 nm)/	benzyl alcohol	—	—	—
18	Ru2.5%@N-C [162]	Ru 0.2 mol%	benzotrifluoride/O₂/25 °C/5 W Xe lamp/1 h	benzyl alcohol 4-methylbenzyl alcohol 4-methoxybenzyl alcohol diphenylmethanol	91 92 95 74	> 99 > 99 > 99 > 99	5

Fig. 21. (a) Working process diagram of UiO-66(NH2). (b) Photocatalytic alcohol oxidation mechanism over UiO-66(NH2). Reprinted with permission from Ref. [147]. Copyright 2013, the Royal Society of Chemistry. (c) Synthesis of the mixed-linker Zr-MOFs. Equimolar quantities of primary linker 2-amino-1,4-benzenedicarboxylic acid and secondary linker 2-X-1,4-benzenedicarboxylic acid (X = H, F, Cl, Br). (d) Fictitious molecular model of mixed-linker Zr-MOF (black, blue, red, and brown represent C, N, O and X, respectively). Reprinted with permission from Ref. [82]. Copyright 2014, Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. (e) Schematic diagrams of synthesized Zr(NDC)(NDC-NH2). (f) Reference diagram of synthesis process of Zr(NDC)(NDC-NH2). Reprinted with permission from Ref. [148]. Copyright 2021, the Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V.

Fig. 22. (a) Photocatalytic alcohol oxidation mechanism over Bi-TATB. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [149]. Copyright 2019, Elsevier B.V. (b) Schematic synthesis of Cr-PCN-600. (c) Possible alcohol oxidation mechanisms of Cr-PCN-600. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [150]. Copyright 2020, Elsevier B.V.

Fig. 23. (a) Diagram depicting the catalytic process of CoFe2O4/Ce-UiO-66. (b) Diagram showing the synthesis of CoFe2O4/Ce-UiO-66. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [155]. Copyright 2021, Elsevier Ltd. (c) Photocatalytic alcohol oxidation process using Ru(bpy)3@MIL-125-NH2. (d) Photocatalytic alcohol oxidation mechanism of Ru(bpy)3@MIL-125-NH2. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [157]. Copyright 2019, the Royal Society of Chemistry.

Fig. 24. (a) Schematic synthesis of TMU-49/CNNSs. (b) Proposed reaction mechanism for the photocatalytic system of TMU-49/CNNSs. (c) Cycle experiments evaluating the catalytic performance. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [159]. Copyright 2021, the Royal Society of Chemistry.

Fig. 25. (a) Schematic synthesis of CdS/MIL-53(Fe). (b) Illustration of the two coupled reactions. (c) Photocatalytic performances of different catalysts. (d) Schematic diagram of the reaction mechanisms of CdS/MIL-53(Fe). Reprinted with permission from Ref. [161]. Copyright 2021, Elsevier B.V.

Fig. 26. (a) Schematic showing the synthesis of Cu@UiO-66 and Cu/Cu@UiO-66 via DSA and ADSA, respectively. (b) Electronic migration in Cu/Cu@UiO-66 and proposed reaction mechanism for photocatalytic alcohol oxidation. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [153]. Copyright 2019, Elsevier B.V. (c) Proposed mechanism of photocatalytic aromatic oxidation using Au/Zr-MOFs (top) and Pt/Zr-MOFs (bottom). Reprinted with permission from Ref. [154]. Copyright 2019, Elsevier Inc.

Table 5 List of MOF-based materials used as electrocatalysts.

Entry	Catalyst	Catalyst amount	Condition	Substrate	Conv. (%)	Sel. (%)	Reusa bility (cycles)
1	ZIF-8 functionalized Pt/Vulcan XC 72R composites [165,166]	trace	electrolyte: KOH (0.5 mol·L^‒1)	ethanol	—	—	—
2	Ni-MOF@CNT [167]	3 mg	electrolyte: KOH (1.0 mol·L^‒1)/reference electrode: Hg/HgO/working electrode: Ni-MOF@CNT-Ni foam	benzyl alcohol	—	—	—
3	CNT/MOL-TEMPO-CO₂^-	20 mg	electrolyte: Bu₄NClO₄ (10 mmol·L^‒1)/ reference electrode: Ag/AgClO₄/working electrode: glassy carbon disk/CH₃CN+H₂O/100 min	benzyl alcohol 1-phenylethanol 1,4-butanediol 4-phenyl-2-butanol isopropyl alcohol	> 99 76 79 0 0	> 99 > 99 > 99 — —	3
4	CNT/MOL-TEMPO-OPO₃^2- [168]	20 mg		benzyl alcohol	> 99	> 99	6
5	Co-MOF-C [169]	20 mg	electrolyte: LiClO₄ (0.1 mol·L^‒1)/anode: Co-MOF-C/ cathode: graphite/CH₃CN/25 °C/0.5 h	benzyl alcohol 3-methylbenzyl alcohol p-nitrobenzyl alcohol p-hydroxybenzyl alcohol	93 82 88 89	> 99 > 99 > 99 > 99	—
6	TCNQ-doped HKUST-1 SURMOF [170]	—	—	small molecule aliphatic alcohols such as methanol and ethanol	—	—	—
7	NiCoBDC-NF [57]	—	electrolyte: KOH (0.1 mol·L^‒1)/reference electrode: Ag/AgCl/working electrode: NiCoBDC-NF/4 h	5-hydroxymethy- lfurfural	99	95	4
8	RuB-RuTB-UiO-67/TiO₂/FTO [58]	—	electrolyte: 1.06 g LiClO₄+100 mL BnOH/CH₃CN solvent (5/95, v/v)/ reference electrode: Ag/Ag⁺ (0.01 mol·L^‒1 AgNO₃)/working electrode: RuB-RuTB-UiO-67/TiO₂/FTO/CH₃CN/Xe lamp irradiation/2 h	benzyl alcohol	—	—	—
9	[(HOC₂H₄)₂dtoaCu] [59,60]	—	electrolyte: H₂SO₄ (0.5 mol·L^‒1)/reference electrode: Ag/AgCl /working electrode: glassy carbon electrode coated with the catalyst/20 min	ethanol	6.8	> 99	—
10	Ni-MOF [51]	100 mg	electrolyte: NaOH (0.1 mol·L^‒1)/reference electrode: Ag/AgCl/working electrode: glassy carbon electrode coated with the catalyst/20 min	glucose	—	—	—

Fig. 27. (a) ZIF-8 functionalized Pt/Vulcan XC 72R material with di?erent possible arrangements of the components: (1) Pt nanoparticle covered by numerous ZIF-8 crystals; (2) Pt nanoparticle covered by single ZIF-8 crystal; (3) naked Pt nanoparticle; and (4) pure ZIF-8 crystal. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [165]. Copyright 2019, American Chemical Society. (b) Schematic representation for synthesizing Ni-MOFs on CNTs. (c) Reaction equations for the alcohol electrooxidation process. (d-g) TEM images of pristine Ni-MOFs (c,d) and Ni-MOF@CNT (e,f). Reprinted with permission from Ref. [167]. Copyright 2020, Published by Elsevier B.V.

Fig. 28. (a-c) Schematic synthesis of CNT/MOL-TEMPO-CO2- (catalyst 1) and CNT/MOL-TEMPO-OPO32- (catalyst 2). (d-f) TEM images of MOLs (d), CNT/MOL (e) and catalyst 1 (f). (g) Relationship between the steric sizes of the R groups on the 4-position of TEMPO and corresponding electrocatalytic oxidation performances for isopropyl alcohol. (h) Shape-selective catalysis of catalyst 1. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [168]. Copyright 2018, American Chemical Society. (i) Schematic illustration of Co-MOF-C. (j) Carboxylation process on the graphite electrode surface. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [169]. Copyright 2022, Author(s). This article is distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution (CC-BY) license.

Fig. 29. (a) Schematic diagram of electro-oxidating HMF over the NiCoBDC-NF catalyst. (b) Competitive water oxidation and HMF oxidation in alkaline solution. (c) Crystal-structure diagram of the 2D MOFs. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [57]. Copyright 2020, Royal Society of Chemistry. (d) Processes of preparing the Ni-MOF catalyst and electrocatalytic glucose oxidation. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [51]. Copyright 2018, the Royal Society of Chemistry.

Fig. 30. (a) TEMPO-assisted oxidation mechanism of alcohols proposed based on DFT calculations. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [173]. Copyright 2022, the Royal Society of Chemistry. (b) Catalytic cycle of hydrophilic and defective Zr nodes in UiO-68-TEMPO for the catalytic oxidation of benzyl alcohol is presented. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [96]. Copyright 2019, American Chemical Society. (c) Yield versus reaction time for Cu-SIM and Cu-SIM-FF. (d) Non-radical (top) and radical (bottom) reaction pathways analyzed by DFT studies. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [176]. Copyright 2020, American Chemical Society.

Fig. 31. (a) Spatial structure of NU-1000, where the individual Zr6 nodes are indicated in the yellow circles. Hypothetical clusters of heterobimetallic complexes (b) and heterobimetallic oxides (c) attached on Zr6 node, where the spheres represent the following: Zr, aqua; M, blue; M′, red, and frames: N, azure; C, gray; O, pink; H, white. (d) Two possible binding structures of Al-Co bimetallic oxide and NU-1000 in model 1a, where the free energy of the right-hand model is 17.1 kcal·mol-1 higher than that of the left-hand model. (e) Reaction mechanism for 1a-catalyzed oxidation of benzyl alcohol to benzaldehyde (1a structure is shown in the middle of the figure and corresponds to A) calculated by DFT. Intermediates B to H are plotted, and the support structure of the active site is depicted as a gray rectangle in the loop. The formate linker is omitted from the central cluster for clarity. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [177]. Copyright 2016, American Chemical Society.

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Metal-organic-framework-based materials as green catalysts for alcohol oxidation

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