Non-derivatized metal-organic framework nanosheets for water electrolysis: Fundamentals, regulation strategies and recent advances

doi:10.1016/S1872-2067(24)60153-1

Chinese Journal of Catalysis ›› 2024, Vol. 67: 21-53.DOI: 10.1016/S1872-2067(24)60153-1

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Non-derivatized metal-organic framework nanosheets for water electrolysis: Fundamentals, regulation strategies and recent advances

Yingjie Guo^a^,^b, Shilong Li^a^,^b, Wasihun Abebe^b, Jingyang Wang^b, Lei Shi^b(), Di Liu^a(), Shenlong Zhao^b^,^c()

^aSchool of Chemical & Environmental Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology (Beijing), Beijing 100083, China
^bCAS Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, China
^cUniversity of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, China

Received:2024-07-02 Accepted:2024-09-24 Online:2024-11-30 Published:2024-11-30
Contact: Lei Shi, Di Liu, Shenlong Zhao
About author:Lei Shi (National Center for Nanoscience and Technology) received his Ph.D. degree from Beijing University of Chemical Technology in 2022. Currently, He is a postdoctoral fellow in National Center for Nanoscience and Technology. His research interests focus on the MOF and COF-based nanomaterials for water electrolysis, electrochemical CO₂ reduction and small molecule electrooxidation.
Di Liu (China University of Mining and Technology (Beijing)) received her B.S. degree from Shandong University in 2011 and Ph.D. degree from Tsinghua University in 2016. She is currently an associate professor in China University of Mining and Technology (Beijing). Her current research is focused on the rational synthesis and mechanism exploration of perylene diimide (PDI)-based organic semiconductor materials for visible-light-driven photocatalysis and photoelectrocatalysis.
Shenlong Zhao (National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Chinese Academy of Science) received his B.E. degree from Shandong University in 2011. He obtained his Ph.D. degree from the Harbin Institute of Technology and the National Center for Nanoscience and Technology in 2017. And then, he was a postdoctoral fellow in the University of New South Wales and a FH Loxton Research Fellow in the University of Sydney. Currently, He is a professor/principal investigator in National Center for Nanoscience and Technology. His research interests focus on the preparation and application of functional inorganic and organic carbon nanomaterials for energy conversion and storage.
Supported by:
National Natural Science Foundation of China(22373027);Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(2023ZKPYHH05)

Abstract

Abstract:

Water splitting powered by clean electricity is a sustainable and promising approach to produce green hydrogen. Currently, noble metal (e.g. Iridium, Ruthenium, Platinum)-based catalysts are most widely used for water splitting electrolysis. However, noble metal-based catalysts often suffer from multiple disadvantages, including high cost, low selectivity and poor durability. The emergence of metal-organic framework nanosheets (MOFNSs) attracts significant attention due to their unique advantages. Here, a concise, yet comprehensive and critical, review of recent advances in the field of MOFNSs is provided. This review explains the fundamental oxygen evolution reaction (OER) and hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) catalytic mechanisms as well as key characterization techniques for the structure-activity relationship study are discussed. Moreover, it discusses efficient design strategies and the brief research advances of MOFNSs in HER, OER, and bifunctional electrocatalysis, along with some challenges and opportunities.

Key words: Metal-organic framework nanosheets, Electrocatalysis, Water splitting, Oxygen evolution reaction, Hydrogen evolution reaction

Yingjie Guo, Shilong Li, Wasihun Abebe, Jingyang Wang, Lei Shi, Di Liu, Shenlong Zhao. Non-derivatized metal-organic framework nanosheets for water electrolysis: Fundamentals, regulation strategies and recent advances[J]. Chinese Journal of Catalysis, 2024, 67: 21-53.

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Figures/Tables 19

Fig. 1. Main progress of MOFNSs for water electrolysis. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [25]. Copyright 2015, American Chemical Society; Ref. [26]. Copyright 2016, Nature Publishing Group; Ref. [16]. Copyright 2017, Nature Publishing Group; Ref. [151]. Copyright 2018, Wiley-VCH; Ref. [130]. Copyright 2019, Wiley-VCH; Ref. [18]. Copyright 2020, Nature Publishing Group; Ref. [132]. Copyright 2021, Nature Publishing Group; Ref. [115]. Copyright 2022, Nature Publishing Group; Ref. [50]. Copyright 2023, Wiley-VCH.

Fig. 2. Schematic diagram of the OER reaction path proposed in the previous study in alkaline: (A) AEM; (B) LOM; (C) OPM. (D) Volmer-Tafel and Volmer-Heyrovsky mechanisms of HER in alkaline and acidic condition. (E) Volcano plot of exchange current density as a function of the DFT-calculated Gibb's free energy (ΔGH*) of the adsorbed atomic hydrogen on a pure metal. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [41]. Copyright 2018, Royal Society of Chemistry.

Fig. 3. (A) Schematic diagram of technical principle. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [48]. Copyright 2022, Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute. (B) Single-atom contrast in the range Z = 1-103 obtained by simulations iDPC-STEM image. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [49]. Copyright 2016, Elsevier. (C) IDPC-STEM images and GPA of Ni-BDC. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [50]. Copyright 2023, Wiley-VCH. (D) Simultaneous detection of SAXS and WAXS. (E) GIWAXS of UiO-66 on UiO-67 heterostructures. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [53]. Copyright 2023, Wiley-VCH. SAXS (F) and EXAFS (G) characterization of NiCo-UMOFNs. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [26]. Copyright 2016, Nature Publishing Group. (H) Schematic illustration of electrocatalytic water splitting. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [33]. Copyright 2020, Royal Society of Chemistry. (I) Typical polarization curves for HER (left) and OER (right). Reproduced with permission from Ref. [54]. Copyright 2017, Wiley-VCH.

Fig. 4. (A) In situ probing map of various representative in situ techniques. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [73]. Copyright 2020, American Chemical Society. Schema of in-situ Raman spectroscopy (B), in-situ mass spectroscopy (C), in-situ X-ray absorption spectroscopy (D), and in-situ transmission electron microscopy (E). Reproduced with permission from Ref. [76]. Copyright 2020, Royal Society of Chemistry. (F) Enhancing the connection between computation and experiments in electrocatalysis. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [79]. Copyright 2022, Nature Publishing Group. (G) Information theoretic methods in DFT and applications to chemical problems. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [80]. Copyright 2020, Wiley-VCH.

Fig. 5. (A) Operando SR-FTIR measurements of 4.3%-MOF at different potentials. (B) FTIR signal at 1048 cm-1 and Ni4+/Ni2+ ratio versus potential during ORR and OER. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [81]. Copyright 2019, Nature Publishing Group. (C) In situ FTIR spectra of bulk CuBDC at 150 °C. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [82]. Copyright 2024, Wiley-VCH. (D) Electrochemical in situ Raman spectra of Ni0.9Fe0.1-MOF and Ni-MOF in the range of 350-700 cm−1 at operated potentials from 1.1 to 1.67 V vs. RHE. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [83]. Copyright 2022, Elsevier. (E) Ni K-edge Fourier-transformed k3-weighted EXAFS signals recorded at different potentials in 1 mol L-1 KOH. (F) comparison of Ni K-edge EXAFS WTs recorded for the pristine sample, standard references and catalytic materials at 1.1, 1.3 and 1.5?V. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [18]. Copyright 2020, Nature Publishing Group.

Fig. 6. (A) Different metal nodes in the MOF crystal structure. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [91]. Copyright 2021, Wiley-VCH. (B) Strategies to construct stable MOFs guided by HSAB theory. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [92]. Copyright 2018, Wiley-VCH.

Fig. 7. Synthesis (A), molecular and crystal structure schematic diagrams (B) and Co 2p XPS spectrum (C) of ultrathin 2D Co-MOF nanosheet catalysts. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [89]. Copyright 2018, Royal Society of Chemistry. (D) Synthesis. AFM (E) and S 2p XPS spectrum (F) of the 2DSP single-layer sheet. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [93]. Copyright 2015, Wiley-VCH. (G) Scheme of the cobalt dithiolene films. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [94]. Copyright 2015, American Chemical Society. (H) Schematic illustration, synthesis and photograph of the structure of the 2D coordination polymers. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [95]. Copyright 2017, American Chemical Society. (I) Surfactant-assisted phase-selective synthesis of new cobalt MOFs. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [96]. Copyright 2017, Wiley-VCH.

Fig. 8. Crystal structure (A) and AFM image (B) of NiCo-UMOFNs. (C) Schematic representation of the electronic coupling between Co and Ni in UMOFNs. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [26]. Copyright 2016, Nature Publishing Group. (D) Schematic illustration of the 2D oxide sacrifice approach conversion of M-ONS with 2,5-dihydroxyterephthalic acid to form M-MNS. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [90]. Copyright 2019, Wiley-VCH. (E) Comparison of the overpotentials required for 10 mA cm-2 for substituted M (M = Fe, Co, Cu, Mn, and Zn) in Ni-MOFs. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [98]. Copyright 2021, Wiley-VCH.

Fig. 9. (A) Formation process of FeCo2Ni-MOF-74 at ambient temperature. (B) Catalytical reaction circle and active sites for FeCo2Ni-MOF-74 with rich Ovac. (C) DOS for various materials. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [99]. Copyright 2021, Elsevier. (D) Schematic illustration of microwave-assisted synthesis of ultrathin trimetal-organic framework nanosheets, (Reproduced with permission from Ref. [100]. Copyright 2021, Elsevier. Synthetic process (E), HRTEM image (scale bar is 5 nm) (F) and AFM image and corresponding height profile (G) of the 2D HE-MOFs array. (H) The overpotential testing at a current density of 50 mA cm-2 of overall samples under 1.0 mol L-1 KOH. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [101]. Copyright 2022, American Chemical Society.

Fig. 10. (A) Schematic illustration of 2D Co-MOFs with different organic ligands. (B) Bader charge transfer and magnetic moments of Co sites in different 2D Co-MOFs. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [106]. Copyright 2023, American Chemical Society. (C) Structural modelling of FeNi-MOFs modulated by halogen atoms. (D) Calculated PDOS and Ni-3d band center. (E) Ni K-edge XANES spectra. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [107]. Copyright 2024, Wiley-VCH. (F) Schematic representation for the formation of the self-supporting 2D Ni-MOF nanosheet electrode. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [110]. Copyright 2022, American Chemical Society. (G) 2D planar structure of Ni-MOF. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [114]. Copyright 2023, American Chemical Society.

Fig. 11. (A) HRTEM (top) and SEM (bottom) images of the pristine 1.7%-, 3.6%- and 4.3%-MOFs. (B) Fourier transforms of the Ni K-edge EXAFS spectra. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [81]. Copyright 2019, Nature Publishing Group. (C) Schematic illustration of the NaBH4 defect post-treatment. (D) DOS and the corresponding structures (inset) of Co-MOF and Co-MOF-VO. (E) Charge density mapping at [010] facet. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [118]. Copyright 2020, Wiley-VCH. (F) Electronic structure of MOF is regulated by a missing linker. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [119]. Copyright 2020, Wiley-VCH. (G) Modulating electronic structure and DOS of MOFs via introducing missing linkers. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [120]. Copyright 2019, Nature Publishing Group.

Fig. 12. (A) Schematic illustration of the formation of flexible lattice matching junction in MOF-on-MOF epitaxy. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [124]. Copyright 2014, American Chemical Society. (B) A representation of the combinations of three distinctive processes of MOF-on-MOF growth. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [125]. Copyright 2020, Wiley-VCH. (C) Illustration of the Synthesis Process of the FePc@Ni-MOF composite nanosheets. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [128]. Copyright 2021, American Chemical Society. (D) Hierarchical Ni3S2@2D Co MOF nanosheets as efficient hetero-electrocatalyst for hydrogen evolution reaction in alkaline solution. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [129]. Copyright 2022, Elsevier. (E) Schematic of the synthesis process for Co-BDC/MoS2 hybrid nanosheets. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [130]. Copyright 2019, Wiley-VCH. (F) Schematic illustration for the preparation of NiRu0.13-BDC catalyst. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [132]. Copyright 2021, Nature Publishing Group.

Fig. 13. (A) Models of optimized NiBDC and S-NiBDC. (B) Structure of active site for [FeFe]-hydrogenase, (C) PDOS of p-states for NiBDC and S-NiBDC models. (D) Polarization curves of S-NiBDC and Pt/C. (E) FESEM images of S-NiBDC after HER tests at different current densities. (F) In-situ Raman spectra of S-NiBDC at −0.3 V vs. RHE for different times. (G) In-situ ATR-FTIR spectra of S-NiBDC with the potential of 0 to −0.4?V vs. RHE. (H) Polarization curves of S-NiBDC in 1.0 mol L-1 NaOH H2O solution and 1.0 mol L-1 NaOD D2O solution. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [135]. Copyright 2022, Nature Publishing Group.

Table 1 MOFNSs for electrocatalytic HER in recent years.

Number	Catalyst	η@10 mA cm^-2/mV	Tafel slope/mV dec⁻¹	Condition	Stability	Ref.
1	Ni₃(Ni₃·HAHATN)₂	115	45.6	0.1 mol L⁻¹ KOH	1000 cycles	[113]
2	Co MOF/H₂	30	88	1.0 mol L⁻¹ KOH	40 h@10 mA cm^-2	[140]
3	AB&CTGU-5	44	45	0.5 mol L⁻¹ H₂SO₄	96 h@10 mA cm^-2	[96]
4	[Cu(2,5-pydc)(H₂O)]n·2H₂O	340	70	1.0 mol L⁻¹ KOH	1000 cycles	[138]
5	NiFe-MOF-74	195	136	1.0 mol L⁻¹ KOH	5000 cycles	[141]
6	Ni₃S₂@2D Co-MOF/CP	140	90.3	1.0 mol L⁻¹ KOH	2000 cycles	[129]
7	THTNi 2DSP	333	80.5	0.5 mol L⁻¹ H₂SO₄	—	[93]
8	FePc@Ni-MOF	334	72.1	0.1 mol L⁻¹ KOH	10 h@10 mA cm^-2	[128]
9	Pt-NC/Ni-MOF	25	42.1	1.0 mol L⁻¹ KOH	10000 cycles	[142]
10	2D Ni-MOF@Pt	43	30	0.5 mol L⁻¹ H₂SO₄	—	[143]
11	MoS₂/Co-MOF-3	262	51	0.5 mol L⁻¹ H₂SO₄	25000 s@10 mA cm^-2	[137]
12	UiO-66-NH₂-Mo/GC	125	59	0.5 mol L⁻¹ H₂SO₄	5000 cycles	[144]
13	THTA-Co	283	71	0.5 mol L⁻¹ H₂SO₄	400 cycles	[145]
14	3ZIF-67-Pt/RGO	14.3	12.5	0.5 mol L⁻¹ H₂SO₄	1000 cycles	[146]
15	3ZIF-67-Pt/RGO	37.2	33.1	1.0 mol L⁻¹ KOH	1000 cycles	[146]
16	NiFe-MOF array	68	112	1.0 mol L⁻¹ KOH	22 h@~550 mA cm^-2	[103]
17	AB&Co-Cl₄-MOF(3:4)	283	86	1.0 mol L⁻¹ KOH	1000 cycles	[136]
18	NiRu-MOF/NF	51	90	1.0 mol L⁻¹ KOH	5000 cycles	[148]
19	D-Ni-MOF	101	50.9	1.0 mol L⁻¹ KOH	1000 cycles	[120]
20	Co-BDC/MoS₂	248	86	1.0 mol L⁻¹ KOH	2000 cycles	[130]
21	Fe(OH)_x@Cu-MOF	112	76	1.0 mol L⁻¹ KOH	30 h@10 mA cm^-2	[139]
22	Ce-MOF@Pt-0.05	208	188.1	1.0 mol L⁻¹ KOH	3,000 cycles	[149]
23	CoP/Co-MOF	52	44	0.5 mol L⁻¹ H₂SO₄	20 h@20 mA cm^-2	[131]
24	S-NiBDC	100	75	1.0 mol L⁻¹ KOH	150 h@1000 mA cm^-2	[135]
25	IF@CoFe-TDPAT NSA	212.2	76.7	1.0 mol L⁻¹ KOH	24 h@300 mA cm^-2	[147]

Fig. 14. (A) Illustration of the synthesis of bulk, 3D, and 2D MOFs. iR-corrected polarization curves for OER (B) and corresponding Tafel plots derived from the LSV curves (C). Reproduced with permission from Ref. [150]. Copyright 2021, Wiley-VCH. (D) Schematic illustration of the preparation of MOFNSs. (E) Coordination structure of CuBDC before and after thermal treatment and liquid nitrogen exfoliation. (F) SEM image of bulk CuBDC and 2D CuBDC after thermal treatment and liquid nitrogen exfoliation, Characterization of OER catalytic activity of different materials. Linear sweep voltametric curves and Tafel plots of bulk CuBDC and CuBDC-5 (G) and bulk NiBDC and NiBDC-5 (H). Reproduced with permission from Ref. [82]. Copyright 2024, Wiley-VCH.

Table 2 MOFNSs for electrocatalytic OER in recent years.

Number	Catalyst	η@10 mA cm^-2/mV	Tafel slope/mV dec⁻¹	Condition	Stability	Ref.
1	Co₃(HITP)₂	254	86.5	1.0 mol L^-1 KOH	12 h@16 mA cm^-2	[162]
2	NiCo-UMOFNs	250	42	1.0 mol L^-1 KOH	200 h@10 mA cm^-2	[26]
3	FeCo-MNS-1.0	298	21.6	0.1 mol L^-1 KOH	10000 s@~22 mA cm^-2	[90]
4	NiFe-MOF	215	49.1	1.0 mol L^-1 KOH	40 h@10 mA cm^-2	[98]
5	FeCo₂Ni-MOF-74	254	21.4	0.1 mol L^-1KOH	100 h@10 mA cm^-2	[99]
6	MW-Ni₄Co₄Fe₂-UMOFNs	243	48.1	1.0 mol L^-1 KOH	10 h@12 mA cm^-2	[100]
7	UNi-MOFNs-2	170	41	1.0 mol L^-1 KOH	3,000 cycles	[110]
8	NiFe-MOF NSs	240	73.44	1.0 mol L^-1 KOH	16 h@10 mA cm^-2	[111]
9	Fe:2D-Co-NS@Ni	211	46	0.1 mol L^-1 KOH	95 h@10 mA cm^-2	[86]
10	Ni-BPDC	415	83	1.0 mol L^-1 KOH	20000 s@5 mA cm^-2	[114]
11	Ni-MOF	370	101.9	0.1 mol L^-1 KOH	1000 cycles	[153]
12	Co-ZIF-9(III)	380	55	1.0 mol L^-1 KOH	10 h@15 mA cm^-2	[85]
13	Ni-Fe-MOF	221	56	1.0 mol L^-1 KOH	20 h@10 mA cm^-2	[154]
14	NiFe-UMNs	260	30	1.0 mol L^-1 KOH	10000 s@60 mA cm^-2	[155]
15	Ni-MOF@Fe-MOF	265	82	1.0 mol L^-1 KOH	—	[151]
16	2D CoFe-MOF	355	49.05	0.1 mol L^-1 KOH	15 h@20 mA cm^-2	[156]
17	CoFe MOFNSs	276	46.7	1.0 mol L^-1 KOH	—	[157]
18	CoFe-MOF-OH	265	44	1.0 mol L^-1 KOH	40 h@10 mA cm^-2	[158]
19	TMOF-4	318	54	1.0 mol L^-1 KOH	15 h@20 mA cm^-2	[159]
20	CoNi-MOF/rGO	318	48	1.0 mol L^-1 KOH	50 h@10 mA cm^-2	[160]
21	CoBDC-Fc_0.17	178	61	1.0 mol L^-1 KOH	80 h@100 mA cm^-2	[119]
22	CoNi(1:1)-MOF	265	56	1.0 mol L^-1 KOH	20 h@25 mA cm^-2	[161]
23	IF@CoFe-TDPAT NSA	226.4	30.8	1.0 mol L^-1 KOH	24 h@300 mA cm^-2	[147]

Fig. 15. (A) Schematic preparation of Ru@Cr-FeMOF. (B) Schematic diagram of the mechanism of the Cr-O-Ru interface regulating the orbitals of ruthenium nanoclusters. (C) LSV polarization curves with Ru@Cr-FeMOF||Ru@Cr-FeMOF electrodes and Pt/C||RuO2 electrodes. (D) Comparison of total water splitting performance between Ru@Cr-FeMOF and reported catalysts. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [152]. Copyright 2024, Wiley-VCH. (E) Schematic representation of synthesis procedure. (F) Voltages of water splitting electrolyzer at different current densities (10-500 mA cm−2). (G) J-V curves of silicon solar cell under simulated AM 1.5G 100 mW cm−2 illumination with water photolysis. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [103]. Copyright 2021, Elsevier.

Table 3 MOFNSs for electrocatalytic water splitting in recent years.

Number	Catalyst	ηOER@10 mA cm^-2/mV	ηHER@10 mA cm^-2/mV	Condition	Cell Voltage	Stability	Ref.
1	NiFe-MOF-74	208	195	1.0 mol L^-1 KOH	1.65 V@20 mA cm^-2	3000 cycles	[141]
2	D-Ni-MOF	219	101	1.0 mol L^-1 KOH	1.63 V@100 mA cm^-2	48 h@100 mA cm^-2	[120]
3	NiFe-MOF array	215	68	1.0 mol L^-1 KOH	1.87 V@500 mA cm^-2	30 h@~17 mA cm^-2	[103]
4	NiFe-MOF	240	134	0.1 mol L^-1 KOH	1.55 V@10 mA cm^-2	20 h@~12 mA cm^-2	[16]
5	CoNi(1:1)-MOF	265	120	1.0 mol L^-1 KOH	1.48 V@10 mA cm^-2	80000 s@20 mA cm^-2	[161]
6	BP@MOF	266	88	1.0 mol L^-1 KOH	1.63 V@10 mA cm^-2	10 h@12 mA cm^-2	[163]
7	Ni_0.3Co_0.7-9AC-AD	350	143	1.0 mol L^-1 KOH	1.56 V@10 mA cm^-2	30 h@~12 mA cm^-2	[164]
8	Ni₂V-MOFs@NF	244	89	1.0 mol L^-1 KOH	1.55 V@10 mA cm^-2	80 h@10 mA cm^-2	[165]
9	Ni@CoO@CoMOFC	247	138	1.0 mol L^-1 KOH	1.61 V@10 mA cm^-2	24 h@50 mA cm^-2	[166]
10	CoFe-PBA NS@NF-24	256	48	1.0 mol L^-1 KOH	1.545 V@10 mA cm^-2	36 h@100 mA cm^-2	[167]
11	NiFe-MS/MOF@NF	290	90	1.0 mol L^-1 KOH	1.61 V@10 mA cm^-2	27 h@50 mA cm^-2	[168]
12	NH₂-MIL-88B(Fe₂Ni)/NF	240	87	1.0 mol L^-1 KOH	1.56 V@10 mA cm^-2	30 h@500 mA cm^-2	[169]
13	Ru@Cr-FeMOF	190	21	1.0 mol L^-1 KOH	1.48 V@10 mA cm^-2	80000 s@20 mA cm^-2	[152]
14	IF@CoFe-TDPAT NSA	226.4	212.2	1.0 mol L^-1 KOH	1.43 V@10 mA cm^-2	100 h@300 mA cm^-2	[147]

Fig. 16. Several key challenges and prospects to enhance the performance of MOFNSs electrocatalysts and accelerate their application process.

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Non-derivatized metal-organic framework nanosheets for water electrolysis: Fundamentals, regulation strategies and recent advances

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