非金属催化剂在催化环氧化物和CO2合成环状碳酸酯中的研究进展

doi:10.1016/S1872-2067(15)61085-3

催化学报 ›› 2016, Vol. 37 ›› Issue (6): 826-845.DOI: 10.1016/S1872-2067(15)61085-3

非金属催化剂在催化环氧化物和CO₂合成环状碳酸酯中的研究进展

兰东辉^a, 樊娜^a, 王莹^a, 高显^a, 张平^a, 陈浪^a, 区泽堂^a,b, 尹双凤^a

a 湖南大学化学化工学院, 湖南长沙 410082;
b 湖南工程学院化学化工学院, 湖南湘潭 411104

收稿日期:2016-03-01 修回日期:2016-03-22 出版日期:2016-05-30 发布日期:2016-05-30
通讯作者: Shuang-Feng Yin
基金资助:
国家科技支撑计划(2013BAC11B03); 国家自然科学基金(21401054, 21476065, 21273067); 湖南省研究生科研创新项目(CX2015B082).

Recent advances in metal-free catalysts for the synthesis of cyclic carbonates from CO₂ and epoxides

Dong-Hui Lan^a, Na Fan^a, Ying Wang^a, Xian Gao^a, Ping Zhang^a, Lang Chen^a, Chak-Tong Au^a,b, Shuang-Feng Yin^a

a State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, Hunan, China;
b College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Institute of Engineering, Xiangtan 411104, Hunan, China

Received:2016-03-01 Revised:2016-03-22 Online:2016-05-30 Published:2016-05-30
Contact: Shuang-Feng Yin
Supported by:
This work was supported by the National Science and Technology Support Project of China (2013BAC11B03), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (21401054, 21476065, 21273067), and the Graduate Student Scientific Research Innovation Fund Project of Hunan Province (CX2015B082).

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

随着科学技术的进步和工业化的发展, 大量化石燃料被消耗, 大气中二氧化碳浓度急剧增加, 导致温室效应加剧, 严重威胁到人类的生存和发展. 基于可持续发展的思想, 利用储量丰富且廉价的二氧化碳作为 C1 资源替代有毒的气体 (如一氧化碳和光气等) 制备具有广泛应用的环状碳酸酯, 不仅满足“绿色化学”的要求, 而且符合“原子经济性”的原则. 迄今为止, 大量用于催化二氧化碳和环氧化物环加成反应合成环状碳酸酯的催化剂, 包括均相催化剂 (如金属卤化物、有机碱、离子液体和金属配合物), 多相催化剂 (如金属氧化物、负载型催化剂、有机聚合物、金属有机框架材料和碳材料等) 被报道. 其中金属催化剂占主导地位, 大多表现出优异的催化活性. 然而, 目前可供开采的金属矿越来越少, 大多数金属的回收再利用率较低, 重金属污染日趋严重. 因此, 开发新型、廉价、绿色、高效、循环性和稳定性好的非金属催化剂具有重要意义.
本文主要介绍了近 3 年以来用于催化二氧化碳和环氧化物环加成反应合成环状碳酸酯的非金属催化剂, 主要包括有机碱、离子液体、固载型催化剂、有机聚合物和碳材料等. 概括了不同种类催化剂的设计思想及其催化反应机理, 重点阐述了分子内以及分子间各种功能基团的协同作用对环加成反应的影响. 通过比较发现, 具有“C-N=C”结构的有机碱活性相对较高, 氢键给体和亲核物质都能与有机碱协同作用提高其催化活性; 传统离子液体的活性一般不理想, 氢键给体如羟基和羧基的引入有利于促进环加成反应, 且多阳离子和多氢键给体功能化的离子液体表现出更高的催化活性; 负载型催化剂中, 载体和活性组分之间的协同作用有利于加速环加成反应的进行, 多种功能基团负载和以共价键方式多层固载能更好地提高催化剂稳定性和催化活性; 利用非烯烃化合物制得的活性组分位于主链的多孔有机聚合物, 催化活性和稳定性大多高于活性组分位于侧链的烯烃聚合物; 碳材料催化剂中, 引入不饱和的 N 物种 (如伯胺和吡啶氮), 有利于 CO₂的吸附和活化, 能促进环加成反应. 此外, 利用密度泛函的方法, 计算模拟催化反应过程, 能更好地揭示反应机理, 并为设计和制备高效的催化剂提供理论指导.
该领域目前面临的重要挑战是研发可以同时实现二氧化碳捕获和转化的新型、环保和高效非金属催化剂, 终极目标是利用多孔催化材料在常温和常压下直接捕获工业废气中的二氧化碳, 并利用捕获的二氧化碳实现环状碳酸酯的连续生产. 基于协同催化的设计思想, 利用多种基团功能化的策略合成高效吸附和活化二氧化碳以及开环活化环氧化物的非金属催化剂, 有望实现上述目标.

关键词: 环加成反应, 二氧化碳, 环氧化物, 环状碳酸酯, 非金属催化剂, 协同作用

Abstract:

The aim of “green chemistry” and “atom economy” is to utilize carbon dioxide and replace harmful reactants such as CO and phosgene for the production of cyclic carbonates. In this paper, metal-free catalysts including organic bases, ionic liquids, supported catalysts, organic copolymers and carbon materials for the synthesis of cyclic carbonates by the cycloaddition of carbon dioxide to epoxides are reviewed. Recent advances in the design of the catalysts and the understanding of the reaction mechanism are summarized and discussed. The synergistic effects of organic bases and hydrogen bond donors, organic bases and nucleophilic anions, hydrogen bond donors and nucleophilic anions and active components and supports are highlighted. The challenge is to develop metal-free catalysts suitable for carbon dioxide capture and fixation. The ultimate goal is to synthesize cyclic carbonates in a flow reactor directly using carbon dioxide from industrial flue gas at ambient temperature and atmospheric pressure. By using synergetic effects, a multi-functional approach can meet the design strategy of metal-free catalysts for carbon dioxide adsorption and activation as well as epoxide ring opening.

Key words: Cycloaddition, Carbon dioxide, Epoxide, Cyclic carbonate, Metal-free catalyst, Synergy

兰东辉, 樊娜, 王莹, 高显, 张平, 陈浪, 区泽堂, 尹双凤. 非金属催化剂在催化环氧化物和CO₂合成环状碳酸酯中的研究进展[J]. 催化学报, 2016, 37(6): 826-845.

Dong-Hui Lan, Na Fan, Ying Wang, Xian Gao, Ping Zhang, Lang Chen, Chak-Tong Au, Shuang-Feng Yin. Recent advances in metal-free catalysts for the synthesis of cyclic carbonates from CO₂ and epoxides[J]. Chinese Journal of Catalysis, 2016, 37(6): 826-845.

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非金属催化剂在催化环氧化物和CO₂合成环状碳酸酯中的研究进展

Recent advances in metal-free catalysts for the synthesis of cyclic carbonates from CO₂ and epoxides

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