催化学报 ›› 2017, Vol. 38 ›› Issue (3): 545-553.DOI: 10.1016/S1872-2067(17)62762-1

• 论文 • 上一篇    下一篇

稳定于具有亚5 nm窗口的立方介孔氧化硅的金纳米颗粒及其优异的醇氧化活性

洪伟a, 闫晓庆b, 李仁宏a,b, 范杰a   

  1. a 浙江大学化学系浙江省应用化学重点实验室, 浙江杭州 310027;
    b 浙江理工大学先进纺织材料与制备技术教育部重点实验室, 浙江杭州 310018
  • 收稿日期:2016-10-20 修回日期:2016-12-06 出版日期:2017-03-18 发布日期:2017-03-22
  • 通讯作者: Jie Fan
  • 基金资助:

    国家自然科学基金(21222307,21373181,21403197,91545113,21503189);中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金(2014XZZX003-02);浙江省自然科学基金(LY15B030009);中国博士后科学基金(2014M550333,2015T80636).

Gold nanoparticle stabilization within tailored cubic mesoporous silica: Optimizing alcohol oxidation activity

Wei Honga, Xiaoqing Yanb, Renhong Lia,b, Jie Fana   

  1. a Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry of Zhejiang Province, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, Zhejiang, China;
    b Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Materials and Manufacturing Technology, Ministry of Education of China, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, Zhejiang, China
  • Received:2016-10-20 Revised:2016-12-06 Online:2017-03-18 Published:2017-03-22
  • Supported by:

    This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (21222307, 21373181, 21403197, 91545113, 21503189), the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (2014XZZX003-02), Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation (LY15B030009), and China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (2014M550333, 2015T80636).

摘要:

金纳米颗粒在烯烃加氢、水气转化、过氧化氢直接合成和醇类选择性氧化等反应中表现出独特的催化性能,引起了人们广泛关注.通常,金纳米颗粒的催化活性受到尺寸、原子堆积形式、暴露晶面及其与载体的相互作用所影响.而金纳米颗粒的烧结往往导致其催化效率迅速下降.为了解决金颗粒烧结问题,提高其使用寿命,必须控制高温处理时颗粒和原子的迁移.尽管已有很多工作见诸报道,然而到目前为止,仍未完全解决金颗粒烧结问题.
本文通过调整有机模板剂和反应温度成功地合成了不同窗口尺寸的立方介孔氧化硅材料(FDU-12),并将预先合成的3 nm金颗粒负载于其上,考察了窗口尺寸对金颗粒烧结的影响.首先,采用小角X射线散射、氮气吸附-脱附、透射电镜和扫描电镜等手段证实成功合成了具有亚5 nm窗口的FDU-12材料,同时以3 nm金颗粒为探针,进一步区分了具有< 3 nm和3-5 nm窗口的FDU-12样品.在抗烧结实验中发现,具有3-5 nm窗口尺寸的FDU-12能够在一个较宽的金负载量(1.0-8.3 wt%)下稳定金纳米颗粒.在550℃空气中焙烧5 h后,金颗粒的平均尺寸维持在4.5-5.0 nm.更小的窗口尺寸则会导致3 nm金颗粒无法进入FDU-12孔道,从而带来低的负载能力和差的抗烧结性能.另一方面,具有> 7 nm窗口尺寸的FDU-12则只在高的金颗粒负载量(> 9 wt%)下才表现出较好的抗烧结性能,低负载量时烧结严重(2.1 wt%,14.2±5.5 nm).
我们推测,合适的窗口尺寸(3-5 nm)恰好能允许3 nm金颗粒进入FDU-12的孔道,在高温处理过程中,当金颗粒长大到5 nm左右时,窗口极大地限制了金颗粒的移动,导致其不能在孔与孔之间自由迁移.此外,该FDU-12材料的孔径为18 nm,这使得封装在各个孔内部的金颗粒与其他金颗粒距离较远,不利于其通过原子迁移而发生烧结.因此,拥有3-5 nm窗口尺寸的FDU-12在一个宽的金负载量下表现出良好的抗烧结能力.而对于具有> 7 nm窗口尺寸的FDU-12,在高的金负载量下,它可通过自聚焦效应抑制原子迁移,从而具有优良的抗烧结性能.但在低负载量时,介孔氧化硅的绝大部分孔内并不包含多个金颗粒,自聚焦效应无法发挥作用,在高温焙烧时金颗粒可以通过大的窗口尺寸相互融合导致烧结.
我们将具有不同金尺寸的AuNP/FDU-12催化剂用于环己醇选择性氧化反应中.结果表明,4.5 nm的金催化剂表现出最好的活性(1544 mmol gAu-1 h-1)和大于99%的选择性(230℃),大大超过了先前报道的基于Ag和Mn为活性中心的催化剂.另外,与负载在商用γ-Al2O3上相比,AuNP/FDU-12体系表现出了很好的选择性,直接脱水产物小于1%.同时可以保持100 h内金颗粒不发生烧结,活性不明显下降.

关键词: 金纳米颗粒, 立方介孔氧化硅, 窗口尺寸, 抗烧结性能, 醇氧化

Abstract:

Stabilizing gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) within a desired size range is critical to realize their promising catalytic performance in many important reactions. Herein, we investigate the anti-sintering properties of cubic mesoporous silica (FDU-12) as a function of pore entrance size. Simple adjustments to the type of organic template and reaction temperature enable the successful synthesis of FDU-12 with controllable entrance sizes (< 3, 3-5 and 7 nm). Excellent anti-sintering properties are observed for FDU-12 with a sub-5-nm entrance size (3-5 nm) over a wide loading concentration (1.0-8.3 wt%) and the AuNPs can be stabilized within a 4.5-5.0-nm range after calcination at 550℃ in air for 5 h. Smaller entrance size (< 3 nm) prevents ingress of 3-nm AuNPs to the mesopores and results in low loading capacity and sintering. Conversely, FDU-12 possessing a larger entrance size (7 nm) shows promising anti-sintering properties at high loading concentrations, although catalytic performance is significantly lost at lower concentrations (e.g. 2.1 wt%, 14.2 ± 5.5 nm). Different anti-sintering mechanisms are proposed for each of the different FDU-12 entrance sizes. Additionally, catalytic data indicates that the obtained 4.5-nm AuNPs supported on FDU-12 with a sub-5-nm entrance size exhibit excellent mass-specific activity (1544 mmol gAu-1 h-1) and selectivity (> 99%) at 230℃ for the gas-phase selective oxidation of cyclohexanol.

Key words: Gold nanoparticle, Cubic mesoporous silica, Entrance size, Anti-sintering property, Alcohol oxidation