慢光子效应在太阳能转换燃料中的应用

doi:10.1016/S1872-2067(17)62930-9

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

随着全球性能源短缺和环境恶化问题的日益突出，能源和环境问题已成为目前人类面临和亟待解决的重大难题，研究新的替代能源和清洁环境技术备受关注.世界各国的科研工作者都在积极探索和寻找有效的对策，其中通过光催化分解水和还原CO₂将太阳能转化为有价值的氢气和碳氢燃料可有效缓解人类对可再生能源和清洁能源的需求.然而，现有催化剂的转换效率还达不到商业化的要求，主要原因是太阳光的利用率低和光生电荷的复合率高.将催化剂构造成三维有序孔状的光子晶体结构，可有效提高催化剂对光的利用率.
光子晶体是一种特殊的周期性介电物质有序排列而成的微结构材料，它对光有着特殊的调控作用，可以通过光反射、光散射和慢光子效应来调控光在材料介质结构中的传播和光与介质的相互作用.三维反蛋白石结构的光子晶体不仅有光子晶体的特征还具有本身特有的结构效应，主要体现在以下两个方面：（1）光子晶体结构：光子晶体具有内部相互连接的三维框架结构和相互连通的球形孔道，三维框架结构提供大的比表面积，而有序的球形孔道有利于反应物分子的动态扩散；（2）光子晶体效应：当光波长落在光子禁带范围内，此波长的光将会被反射而不能在材料内传播；当光子晶体材料内有缺陷时可以发生多重散射，增加光的利用率；当光波长落在光子禁带红边的时候，这部分的光将会"慢下来"并且作用光子晶体的高介电物质部分；当光波长落在光子禁带蓝边的时候，这部分光也会"慢下来"并且作用于光子晶体的低介电物质部分.通过调控光子禁带的位置，可以得到不同波长的慢光子和调控作用于不同的材料物质上，增强入射光的利用率和光与材料的相互作用.
基于光子晶体半导体材料既有电子能带又有光子能带的特点，利用光的反射、散射和慢光子效应来调控光在光子晶体中的传播，能显著增强光与催化剂的相互作用.尤其是光子禁带附近产生的慢光子效应对光有着特殊的调控作用，可以减慢一些特定频率的入射光在催化剂中的传输，促进催化剂对光的吸收.同时，慢光子效应还能促进光生电子-空穴对的分离，提高光解水产氢和光化学还原CO₂的活性.本文总结了光子晶体的慢光子效应促进光催化产H₂和CO₂还原的最新发展，并研究了慢光子效应在太阳能转换为燃料中的作用.基于慢光子效应对光的特殊调控作用，构造具有光子晶体结构的催化剂对促进太阳光的吸收和提高太阳能转换为燃料的效率具有重要的意义.

关键词: 光子晶体, 慢光子, 反蛋白石, 光解水, 产氢, 光还原CO₂

Abstract:

Converting solar energy into hydrogen and hydrocarbon fuels through photocatalytic H₂ production and CO₂ photoreduction is a highly promising approach to address growing demand for clean and renewable energy resources. However, solar-to-fuel conversion efficiencies of current photocatalysts are not sufficient to meet commercial requirements. The narrow window of solar energy that can be used has been identified as a key reason behind such low photocatalytic reaction efficiencies. The use of photonic crystals, formed from multiple material components, has been demonstrated to be an effective way of improving light harvesting. Within these nanostructures, the slow-photon effect, a manifestation of light-propagation control, considerably enhances the interaction between light and the semiconductor components. This article reviews recent developments in the applications of photonic crystals to photocatalytic H₂ production and CO₂ reduction based on slow photons. These advances show great promise for improving light harvesting in solar-energy conversion technologies.

Key words: Photonic crystal, Slow photons, Inverse opal, Water splitting, Photocatalytic H₂ production, CO₂ photoreduction

郑秀珍, 杨洋, 陈士夫, 张立武. 慢光子效应在太阳能转换燃料中的应用[J]. 催化学报, 2018, 39(3): 379-389.

Xiuzhen Zheng, Yang Yang, Shifu Chen, Liwu Zhang. Slow photons for solar fuels[J]. Chinese Journal of Catalysis, 2018, 39(3): 379-389.

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