电化学氢压缩和纯化与竞争技术的对比:II.电催化的挑战

doi:10.1016/S1872-2067(19)63438-8

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 在未来的几十年里，氢将成为世界能源政策的基础，因为它的脱碳性质，至少在可再生能源生产时是如此.目前，氢基本上仍然是从化石原料中生产出来的（在某种程度上来自于生物质）；因此，目前市场上的氢气含有不可忽略的杂质，这些杂质阻碍了氢气立即用于特殊化学或作为燃料电池的能量载体，例如在运输应用（汽车、公共汽车、火车、船只等）中逐渐扩散到地球上.因此，氢气必须具有足够的纯度，但也必须充分压缩（在高压下，通常为70MPa），这使得氢气循环中不可避免存在净化和压缩步骤.如本文第一部分“电化学氢压缩和净化与竞争技术的对比——第一部分：优缺点”所示，电化学氢压缩机（EHCs）能够实现氢净化和压缩，具有比它们相应的机械设备更多的理论（热力学）和实际（动力学）的优越性.然而，为了具有竞争力，EHCs必须在非常密集的条件下运行（高电流密度和低电池电压），只有在其核心材料（如膜和电极/电催化剂）经过优化后才能达到.本文将特别关注电催化剂在EHCs中必须表现出的特性：在杂质存在的情况下它们应促进（非常）快速的氢氧化反应（HOR），这意味着它们对毒物也具有（非常）耐受性.这包括操作氢气净化压缩所用的EHC阳极的先决条件，而大量低温燃料电池文献中为耐受毒性而开发的材料可能并不总是满足这两个标准，正如本综述所阐述的.

关键词: 电化学氢压缩, 电化学氢纯化, 电催化剂, 氢氧化, 毒物耐受性

Abstract: Hydrogen will be at the basis of the World's energy policy in forthcoming decades, owing to its decarbonized nature, at least when produced from renewables. For now, hydrogen is still essentially produced from fossil feedstock (and to a minor extent from biomass); in consequence the present hydrogen gas on the market is containing non-negligible amounts of impurities that prevent its immediate usage in specialty chemistry or as an energy carrier in fuel cells, e.g. in transportation applications (cars, buses, trains, boats, etc.) that gradually spread on the planet. For these purposes, hydrogen must be of sufficient purity but also sufficiently compressed (at high pressures, typically 70 MPa), rendering purification and compression steps unavoidable in the hydrogen cycle. As shown in the first part of this contribution "Electrochemical hydrogen compression and purification versus competing technologies: Part I. pros and cons", electrochemical hydrogen compressors (EHCs), which enable both hydrogen purification and compression, exhibit many theoretical (thermodynamic) and practical (kinetics) advantages over their mechanical counterparts. However, in order to be competitive, EHCs must operate in very intensive conditions (high current density and low cell voltage) that can only be reached if their core materials, e.g. the membrane and the electrodes/electrocatalysts, are optimized. This contribution will particularly focus on the properties electrocatalysts must exhibit to be used in EHCs:they shall promote (very) fast hydrogen oxidation reaction (HOR) in presence of impurities, which implies that they are (very) tolerant to poisons as well. This consists of a prerequisite for the operation of the anode of an EHC used for the purification-compression of hydrogen, and the materials developed for poison-tolerance in the vast literature on low-temperature fuel cells, may not always satisfy these two criteria, as this contribution will review.

Key words: Electrochemical hydrogen compression, Electrochemical hydrogen purification, Electrocatalysts, Hydrogen oxidation, Poison tolerance

Marine Trégaro, Maha Rhandi, Florence Druart, Jonathan Deseure, Marian Chatenet. 电化学氢压缩和纯化与竞争技术的对比:II.电催化的挑战[J]. 催化学报, 2020, 41(5): 770-782.

Marine Trégaro, Maha Rhandi, Florence Druart, Jonathan Deseure, Marian Chatenet. Electrochemical hydrogen compression and purification versus competing technologies: Part II. Challenges in electrocatalysis[J]. Chinese Journal of Catalysis, 2020, 41(5): 770-782.

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