第二配位层磺酸根在电催化析氢反应中的作用

doi:10.1016/S1872-2067(22)64183-4

催化学报 ›› 2023, Vol. 45: 88-94.DOI: 10.1016/S1872-2067(22)64183-4

第二配位层磺酸根在电催化析氢反应中的作用

王妮^a^,¹, 张学鹏^a^,¹, 韩金秀^a, 雷海涛^a, 张清鑫^a, 张航^a^,^*(), 张伟^a, 曹睿^a^,^*()

^a陕西师范大学化学与化工学院, 应用表面与胶体化学教育部重点实验室, 陕西西安710119, 中国
^b波鸿鲁尔大学化学与生物化学学院, 德国
^c弗劳恩霍夫环境、安全与能源技术研究所, 德国

收稿日期:2022-09-02 接受日期:2022-10-14 出版日期:2023-02-18 发布日期:2023-01-10
通讯作者: 张航,曹睿
作者简介:第一联系人：
¹共同第一作者
基金资助:
国家自然科学基金(21773146);国家自然科学基金(22003036);国家自然科学基金(22171176);霍英东青年教师基金;中央高校基本科研基金;陕西师范大学研究经费

Promoting hydrogen evolution reaction with a sulfonic proton relay

Ni Wang^a^,¹, Xue-Peng Zhang^a^,¹, Jinxiu Han^a, Haitao Lei^a, Qingxin Zhang^a, Hang Zhang^a^,^*(), Wei Zhang^a, Ulf-Peter Apfel^b^,^c, Rui Cao^a^,^*()

^aKey Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710119, Shaanxi, China
^bRuhr-University Bochum, Fakultät für Chemie und Biochemie, Anorganische Chemie I, Universitätsstrasse 150, 44801 Bochum, Germany
^cFraunhofer UMSICHT, Osterfelder Strasse 3, 46047 Oberhausen, Germany

Received:2022-09-02 Accepted:2022-10-14 Online:2023-02-18 Published:2023-01-10
Contact: Hang Zhang, Rui Cao
About author:First author contact:
¹Contributed equally to this work.
Supported by:
National Natural Science Foundation of China(21773146);National Natural Science Foundation of China(22003036);National Natural Science Foundation of China(22171176);Fok Ying-Tong Education Foundation for Outstanding Young Teachers in University;Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities;Research Funds of Shaanxi Normal University

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

析氢反应涉及电子和质子转移过程, 即PCET过程, 需要较大的过电势才可以驱动析氢反应发生. 因此, 合成过电势低, 活性高的催化剂成为研究热点. 自然界中, 铁铁氢化酶可以将质子高效地还原成氢气. 经研究, 铁铁氢化酶的结构中有一个氨基基团位于活性金属中心铁的一侧, 因此可以精准、有效地将质子传递给金属铁, 从而提高催化效率. 受自然界启发, 很多分子催化剂模拟了自然界中氢化酶的结构, 在分子内引入proton-relay基团, 促进了析氢过程中PCET的过程. 但目前只有关于这类分子催化剂通过促进质子传输进而提高催化效率的文献报道, 尚未发现有关其改变氢氢成键方式的研究.
前期工作中, 本课题组设计合成了卟啉镓并用于电催化质子还原的研究. 利用循环伏安法对其析氢活性进行了测试, 发现分别以三氟乙酸(TFA)和醋酸(HOAc)作为质子源时, 催化析氢的电化学行为不同. 在强酸(TFA)体系中, 催化剂在经历了两电子还原后, 生成的金属氢化物可以直接和质子发生反应, 生成氢气. 但是在弱酸(HOAc)体系中, 生成的金属氢化物需要再经过一电子的还原才可以驱动整个催化反应的进行. 在该工作的基础上, 通过调研文献得知, 在分子内引入酸基团时, 可以极大地增加中心金属周围的质子浓度, 并且改善质子传输的速率. 基于以上想法, 在卟啉镓的分子内引入了磺酸基团作为proton-relay的中心, 使催化剂能够在弱酸存在的体系中实现强酸的催化析氢路径.
本文合成了第二配位层带磺酸基团的卟啉镓化合物(1). 在弱酸(HOAc)作为外加质子源时, 利用循环伏安法证明了生成的镓氢化合物是真正的活性物种, 可以驱动整个催化析氢反应的发生. 循环伏安法实验结果表明, 化合物1具有很高的催化活性, 其TOF值可以达到1.3×10⁵ s⁻¹. 为了进一步研究催化机理, 通过停留光谱实验对该反应进行了原位监测, 将化合物1两电子还原后形成的物种(1²⁻)与HOAc的乙腈溶液混合, 混合液的紫外光谱可以迅速变回到化合物1原始的光谱, 进一步证明了引入磺酸基团可以使生成的镓氢化合物能够直接与弱酸(HOAc)发生反应生成氢气. 理论计算结果表明, 引入磺酸基团可以显著地降低氢氢成键的能垒. 因此, 引入磺酸基团, 利用限域效应使催化剂周围的质子浓度和强度增强, 从而使催化剂能够在弱酸体系中通过强酸的催化路径生成氢气. 综上, 本文阐明了第二配位层proton-relay基团具有促进质子转移和调控氢氢成键过程的作用, 为设计具有优异电催化析氢性能的分子催化剂提供了新的思路.

关键词: 分子电催化, 金属氢化物, 析氢反应, 镓氢化合物, 第二配位层, 氢氢成键

Abstract:

Enzymes can activate otherwise unreactive substrates by using residues precisely located in the active sites. We herein report on a Ga porphyrin which bears a second-sphere sulfonic group (named as 1) and its high efficiency for the electrocatalytic hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). Complex 1 can achieve a large TOF value of 1.3 × 10⁵ s⁻¹ at low 295-mV overpotential with weak acetic acid (HOAc) as the proton source. Notably, 1 can catalyze H₂ generation at potentials close to the thermodynamic HER equilibrium, but the sulfonic-free analogues require >250 mV more cathodic potentials to initiate HER. Mechanistic studies showed that two-electron reduced Ga porphyrins were protonated to form Ga^III-H. For 1, its Ga^III-H underwent rapid protonolysis with HOAc to evolve H₂, but for sulfonic-free analogues, their Ga^III-H required further reduction at more cathodic potentials to trigger catalysis. This work presents a synthetic molecular catalyst to achieve high HER rates under low overpotentials by promoting the protonolysis of metal hydrides with otherwise unreactive weak acids.

Key words: Molecular electrocatalysis, Hydrogen evolution reaction, Ga porphyrin, Metal hydride, Second-coordination sphere, H-H bond formation

王妮, 张学鹏, 韩金秀, 雷海涛, 张清鑫, 张航, 张伟, 曹睿. 第二配位层磺酸根在电催化析氢反应中的作用[J]. 催化学报, 2023, 45: 88-94.

Ni Wang, Xue-Peng Zhang, Jinxiu Han, Haitao Lei, Qingxin Zhang, Hang Zhang, Wei Zhang, Ulf-Peter Apfel, Rui Cao. Promoting hydrogen evolution reaction with a sulfonic proton relay[J]. Chinese Journal of Catalysis, 2023, 45: 88-94.

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链接本文: https://www.cjcatal.com/CN/10.1016/S1872-2067(22)64183-4

https://www.cjcatal.com/CN/Y2023/V45/I2/88

图/表 5

Fig. 1. (a) Representative proton relays in [FeFe] hydrogenases and synthetic HER catalysts. (b) Different reaction pathways of GaIII-H with strong and weak acids. (c) Molecular structures of Ga porphyrins 1, 2 and 3.

Fig. 2. (a) CVs of 0.5 mmol L-1 1 in acetonitrile with and without K2CO3. (b) CVs of 0.5 mmol L-1 1 in acetonitrile with and without 140 mmol L-1 HOAc. (c) CVs of 0.5 mmol L-1 3 in acetonitrile with and without 140 mmol L-1 HOAc. (d) LSVs of 140 mmol L-1 HOAc with and without 0.5 mmol L-1 1-3. Conditions: 0.1 mol L-1 Bu4NPF6, GC working electrode, 100 mV s-1 scan rate.

Fig. 3. (a) CVs of 0.5 mmol L-1 1 in acetonitrile with increasing HOAc. Inset: plot of catalytic current at ?1.84 V versus HOAc concentration. (b) Charge accumulated during the electrolysis of 140 mmol L-1 HOAc with 1 at ?1.65 V. (c) UV-vis spectra of 1 before and after electrolysis. (d) The FOWA of electrocatalytic HER with 1-3 and other reported molecular catalysts by using HOAc as the proton source.

Fig. 4. UV-vis (a) and EPR (b) spectra of 1, 1? and 12?. (c) UV-vis spectra of 1 and the reaction of 12? with HOAc. (d) UV-vis spectra of 3 and the reaction of 32? with HOAc.

Fig. 5. DFT-calculated HER mechanism with 1. The free energy barriers for the H-H bond formation steps in the conditions of appended sulfonic acid versus free acetic acid are provided.

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第二配位层磺酸根在电催化析氢反应中的作用

Promoting hydrogen evolution reaction with a sulfonic proton relay

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