催化学报 ›› 2023, Vol. 48: 101-116.DOI: 10.1016/S1872-2067(23)64407-9
Enara Fernandeza, Laura Santamariaa, Irati Garcíaa, Maider Amutioa, Maite Artetxea, Gartzen Lopeza,b,*(), Javier Bilbaoa, Martin Olazara
收稿日期:
2022-11-22
接受日期:
2023-02-06
出版日期:
2023-05-18
发布日期:
2023-04-20
通讯作者:
* 电子信箱: Enara Fernandeza, Laura Santamariaa, Irati Garcíaa, Maider Amutioa, Maite Artetxea, Gartzen Lopeza,b,*(), Javier Bilbaoa, Martin Olazara
Received:
2022-11-22
Accepted:
2023-02-06
Online:
2023-05-18
Published:
2023-04-20
Contact:
* E-mail: 摘要:
对生物质热解挥发物蒸汽重整反应过程中催化剂的失活过程和主要机理进行了研究. 在圆锥形喷动床反应器中于500 °C进行生物质热解, 随后在固定床反应器中于600 °C进行重整反应; 同时在不同轴向位置分析了催化剂位置对重整反应器的影响. 采用N2吸附-脱附、X射线衍射、扫描电镜、透射电镜、程序升温氧化、拉曼光谱和傅里叶变换红外光谱对失活样品进行表征. 结果表明, 焦炭沉积是初始催化剂活性衰减的主要原因, 且没有观察到镍位点的烧结或氧化. 随着反应的进行, 沿着重整催化床观察到失活情况, 焦炭沉积于催化剂内, 其性质和组成取决于到达床中每个轴向位置的挥发物组成. 在催化床的入口部分, 焦炭沉积在Ni位点上, 并且具有一定的含氧量. 在更深的轴向床位置, 催化剂与挥发性物质接触, 该挥发性物质的组成已经明显改变, 从而形成具有石墨化程度更高的焦炭, 并且形成更多的缩合聚芳烃化合物. 此外, 沉积在所有失活样品上的焦炭没有呈现任何特定的形态, 这也表明, 无论所处的催化床位置和反应时间, 焦炭均呈现无定形结构.
Enara Fernandez, Laura Santamaria, Irati García, Maider Amutio, Maite Artetxe, Gartzen Lopez, Javier Bilbao, Martin Olazar. 不同固定床位置生物质热解挥发物蒸汽催化重整反应中焦炭的形成和演化[J]. 催化学报, 2023, 48: 101-116.
Enara Fernandez, Laura Santamaria, Irati García, Maider Amutio, Maite Artetxe, Gartzen Lopez, Javier Bilbao, Martin Olazar. Elucidating coke formation and evolution in the catalytic steam reforming of biomass pyrolysis volatiles at different fixed bed locations[J]. Chinese Journal of Catalysis, 2023, 48: 101-116.
Technique | Information obtained |
---|---|
N2 adsorption-desorption | surface area pore volume pore diameter |
TPR | reduction temperature of metallic phases |
XRD | crystallographic structure Ni0 particle size (scherrer Eq.) |
TPO | coke content coke structure coke composition |
SEM | coke morphology coke nature coke location |
TEM | coke morphology coke nature coke location |
RAMAN | structure, composition |
FTIR | structure, composition |
Table 1 Characterization techniques and information obtained.
Technique | Information obtained |
---|---|
N2 adsorption-desorption | surface area pore volume pore diameter |
TPR | reduction temperature of metallic phases |
XRD | crystallographic structure Ni0 particle size (scherrer Eq.) |
TPO | coke content coke structure coke composition |
SEM | coke morphology coke nature coke location |
TEM | coke morphology coke nature coke location |
RAMAN | structure, composition |
FTIR | structure, composition |
Fig. 2. Evolution of the volatile conversion (a) and individual product yields (b) with time on stream. Reforming conditions: 600 °C, space time 20 gcat min gvolatiles-1, S/B ratio 4.
Axial position | TOS (min) | SBET (m2 g-1) | Vpore (cm3 g-1) | dpore (Å) | dNi0 a (nm) | dNi0 b (nm) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
A1 | 0 | 19.0 | 0.040 | 122 | 25 | 24 |
50 | 9.3 | 0.033 | 288 | 25 | 25 | |
100 | 7.4 | 0.025 | 259 | 27 | 28 | |
150 | 5.9 | 0.020 | 178 | 28 | 28 | |
A2 | 50 | 9.5 | 0.039 | 185 | 26 | 26 |
100 | 10.2 | 0.032 | 160 | 29 | 30 | |
150 | 8.9 | 0.031 | 187 | 29 | 30 | |
A3 | 50 | 10.6 | 0.042 | 199 | 26 | 27 |
100 | 11.0 | 0.039 | 174 | 32 | 33 | |
150 | 11.3 | 0.036 | 152 | 33 | 33 |
Table 2 Evolution of the textural properties and Ni crystallite size of the Ni/Al2O3 catalyst with TOS at different axial locations in the catalytic bed.
Axial position | TOS (min) | SBET (m2 g-1) | Vpore (cm3 g-1) | dpore (Å) | dNi0 a (nm) | dNi0 b (nm) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
A1 | 0 | 19.0 | 0.040 | 122 | 25 | 24 |
50 | 9.3 | 0.033 | 288 | 25 | 25 | |
100 | 7.4 | 0.025 | 259 | 27 | 28 | |
150 | 5.9 | 0.020 | 178 | 28 | 28 | |
A2 | 50 | 9.5 | 0.039 | 185 | 26 | 26 |
100 | 10.2 | 0.032 | 160 | 29 | 30 | |
150 | 8.9 | 0.031 | 187 | 29 | 30 | |
A3 | 50 | 10.6 | 0.042 | 199 | 26 | 27 |
100 | 11.0 | 0.039 | 174 | 32 | 33 | |
150 | 11.3 | 0.036 | 152 | 33 | 33 |
Fig. 3. XRD patterns of the fresh reduced catalyst and those deactivated for 150 min on stream at different axial positions (A1, A2, and A3). Crystalline phases: () CaO(Al2O3)2, () Ni0, () CaAl2O4, () CaAl12O19, and () Al2O3.
Fig. 4. Evolution of TPO profiles with time on stream in the catalysts deactivated at different axial positions in the fixed bed reactor: (a) A1; (b) A2; (c) A3.
Fig. 5. Evolution with time on stream of the coke content deposited at different axial positions and average coke deposition rates in different axial positions. (a,d) A1; (b,e) A2; (c,f) A3.
Fig. 6. (a) SEM images of the fresh reduced catalyst; the catalysts deactivated at different axial positions and for different times on stream. TOS 50 min: A1 (b), A2 (c) and A3 (d); TOS 100 min: A1 (e), A2 (f) and A3 (g); TOS 150 min: A1 (h), A2 (i) and A3 (j).
Fig. 7. TEM images of the catalyst deactivated at different axial positions and different times on stream. TOS 50 min: A1 (a), A2 (b), A3 (c); TOS 100 min: A1 (d), A2 (e) and A3 (f); TOS 150 min: A1 (g), A2 (h) and A3 (i).
Fig. 8. Evolution of the Raman spectra (1000-1800 cm-1 region) of the coke deposited on the catalysts deactivated at different axial positions in the fixed bed reactor. (a) A1; (b) A2; (c) A3.
Axial Position | TOS (min) | σD (cm-1) | σG (cm-1) | ΓD (cm-1) | ΓG (cm-1) | ID1/IG | La (nm) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
A1 | 50 | 1348 | 1593 | 174 | 65 | 0.66 | 1.09 |
100 | 1348 | 1595 | 137 | 65 | 0.67 | 1.10 | |
150 | 1346 | 1590 | 161 | 71 | 0.65 | 1.09 | |
A2 | 50 | 1344 | 1592 | 175 | 65 | 0.64 | 1.08 |
100 | 1343 | 1592 | 157 | 63 | 0.66 | 1.10 | |
150 | 1348 | 1599 | 169 | 63 | 0.63 | 1.07 | |
A3 | 50 | 1345 | 1597 | 147 | 62 | 0.68 | 1.11 |
100 | 1346 | 1595 | 167 | 64 | 0.66 | 1.10 | |
150 | 1351 | 1597 | 100 | 61 | 0.78 | 1.19 |
Table 3 Evolution of deconvolution parameters of the Raman spectra with time on stream at different axial positions in the fixed bed reactor.
Axial Position | TOS (min) | σD (cm-1) | σG (cm-1) | ΓD (cm-1) | ΓG (cm-1) | ID1/IG | La (nm) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
A1 | 50 | 1348 | 1593 | 174 | 65 | 0.66 | 1.09 |
100 | 1348 | 1595 | 137 | 65 | 0.67 | 1.10 | |
150 | 1346 | 1590 | 161 | 71 | 0.65 | 1.09 | |
A2 | 50 | 1344 | 1592 | 175 | 65 | 0.64 | 1.08 |
100 | 1343 | 1592 | 157 | 63 | 0.66 | 1.10 | |
150 | 1348 | 1599 | 169 | 63 | 0.63 | 1.07 | |
A3 | 50 | 1345 | 1597 | 147 | 62 | 0.68 | 1.11 |
100 | 1346 | 1595 | 167 | 64 | 0.66 | 1.10 | |
150 | 1351 | 1597 | 100 | 61 | 0.78 | 1.19 |
IR band (cm−1) | Functional group |
---|---|
1260 | stretching vibration of C-O bonds in alcohols, ethers or related compounds, and/or stretching asymmetric vibrational mode of C-O-C bonds C-O bonds in acetate groups (AC), phenolic esters (P,ES) and/or ethers (ET) bonded to aliphatic compounds and/or alkenes |
1390 | C-H in aliphatic compounds (AL) |
1420 | O=C-O in acetate groups (AC) // methoxyl group or C-H in aliphatic compounds, 1420-1490 cm−1 |
1450 | bending vibrations in -CH2 and -CH3 aliphatic groups, alkylaromatic compounds and/or symmetric stretching vibrations of O=C-O bonds in acetate groups (AC, AL, AA) |
1505 | Symmetric stretching vibrations of O=C-O bonds in carbonate groups and/or C=C in low condensed aromatic compounds |
1525 | O=C-O in carbonates (CA) |
1580 | C=C in polycondensed aromatic compounds or asymmetric stretching vibrations of O=C-O bonds in acetate groups |
1610 | dienes and/or conjugated double bonds (DI) |
2850, 2925 and 2960 | stretching vibration of C-H in -CHn aliphatic groups (AL) |
Table 4 Functional groups associated with IR bands.
IR band (cm−1) | Functional group |
---|---|
1260 | stretching vibration of C-O bonds in alcohols, ethers or related compounds, and/or stretching asymmetric vibrational mode of C-O-C bonds C-O bonds in acetate groups (AC), phenolic esters (P,ES) and/or ethers (ET) bonded to aliphatic compounds and/or alkenes |
1390 | C-H in aliphatic compounds (AL) |
1420 | O=C-O in acetate groups (AC) // methoxyl group or C-H in aliphatic compounds, 1420-1490 cm−1 |
1450 | bending vibrations in -CH2 and -CH3 aliphatic groups, alkylaromatic compounds and/or symmetric stretching vibrations of O=C-O bonds in acetate groups (AC, AL, AA) |
1505 | Symmetric stretching vibrations of O=C-O bonds in carbonate groups and/or C=C in low condensed aromatic compounds |
1525 | O=C-O in carbonates (CA) |
1580 | C=C in polycondensed aromatic compounds or asymmetric stretching vibrations of O=C-O bonds in acetate groups |
1610 | dienes and/or conjugated double bonds (DI) |
2850, 2925 and 2960 | stretching vibration of C-H in -CHn aliphatic groups (AL) |
Fig. 9. Evolution with time on stream of the relative intensities of several representative FTIR bands corresponding to functional groups of the coke deposited at different axial positions in the fixed bed reactor: (a) A1; (b) A2; (c) A3. Abbreviations: aromatics (A), alkyl aromatics (AA), acetates (AC), aliphatics (AL), carbonates (CA), dienes (DI), esters (ES), ethers (ET), phenols (P), polyaromatics (PA).
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