催化学报 ›› 2024, Vol. 60: 25-41.DOI: 10.1016/S1872-2067(23)64642-X
杜晨宇a, 盛剑平a,b,*(), 钟丰忆a, 何烨a, 孙艳娟a, 董帆a,b,c,*()
收稿日期:
2023-12-29
接受日期:
2024-03-02
出版日期:
2024-05-18
发布日期:
2024-05-20
通讯作者:
电子信箱: 基金资助:
Chenyu Dua, Jianping Shenga,b,*(), Fengyi Zhonga, Ye Hea, Vitaliy P. Gurod, Yanjuan Suna, Fan Donga,b,c,*()
Received:
2023-12-29
Accepted:
2024-03-02
Online:
2024-05-18
Published:
2024-05-20
Contact:
E-mail: About author:
Jianping Sheng received his Ph.D. degree in 2018 from the College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, China. Currently, he is an associate professor at the School of Resources and Environment, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China. His current research interest is the design and synthesis of novel perovskite quantum dot-based catalysts for environment and energy photocatalysis..Supported by:
摘要:
在可持续碳资源利用的研究中, 光催化CO2转化为高附加值化学品的前景日益凸显. 相较于常见的CO2还原产物如甲烷、一氧化碳或甲酸, 具有两个或更多碳原子的C2+化合物因其具有更高的附加值而备受关注. 然而, 目前的研究面临着C-C偶联过程和多质子耦合电子转移效率的限制, 导致光催化CO2的还原反应产物主要为C1化合物. 常规光催化剂难以突破这些动力学和热力学壁垒, 导致目标产物C2+化合物的生成量远低于实际工业应用所需要的水平. 因此, 开发具有良好性能的光催化剂, 以实现C2+化合物的高效制备, 仍是当前面临的重要科学挑战.
本文系统性地概述了光催化CO2还原为C2+化合物领域的最新研究进展. 首先, 从光催化的基本原理及C2+产物的生成路径出发, 在光催化剂设计方面, 为突破C-C偶联和多质子耦合电子转移的限制, 需要解决以下问题: (1) 关键中间产物的生成与吸附转移; (2) 活性位点对于中间产物的选择性; (3) 光生电子的寿命与定向转移. 随后, 详细介绍了高效、高选择性光催化剂的合理设计策略, 包括缺陷工程、双金属位点、表面等离子体共振以及异质结构造等. 同时, 深入探讨了C-C偶联和多电子偶联的质子转移过程的催化机制. 最后, 展望了光催化CO2还原制C2+高附加值产物的未来研究方向, 催化剂设计与机制研究的关键方向包括: (1) 设计高选择性和高效吸附*CO中间体的活性位点, 以提升催化性能; (2) 设计具有轨道匹配的双活性位点以减少邻近*CO中间体间的静电排斥, 促进C-C耦合; (3) 从分子轨道相互作用角度深入理解C-C耦合和电子转移过程, 揭示反应机制; (4) 鉴别反应过程中的自由基组分, 阐明多质子耦合电子转移过程的机理.
综上所述, 本文系统地梳理了光催化CO2还原制C2+高附加值产物的研究进展、关键问题、催化剂设计原理以及未来研究方向, 旨在为开发设计高效、高选择性催化剂提供有益的参考.
杜晨宇, 盛剑平, 钟丰忆, 何烨, 孙艳娟, 董帆. 光催化二氧化碳还原制多碳产物的先进光催化剂设计与机制: 现状与挑战[J]. 催化学报, 2024, 60: 25-41.
Chenyu Du, Jianping Sheng, Fengyi Zhong, Ye He, Vitaliy P. Guro, Yanjuan Sun, Fan Dong. Rational design and mechanistic insights of advanced photocatalysts for CO2-to-C2+ production: Status and challenges[J]. Chinese Journal of Catalysis, 2024, 60: 25-41.
Fig. 1. The scheme illustrates the sequence of events involved in CO2 photoreduction to yield C2+ products, encompassing light absorption, charge carrier separation, and surface redox reactions. These processes can be significantly improved by employing a systematic design approach for photocatalyst development.
Product | Reaction | NHE at pH 7 & reaction enthalpy |
---|---|---|
(COOH)2 | 2CO2 + 2e‒ + 2H+ = (COOH)2 | E0 = ‒0.88 V |
2CO2 +H2O = (COOH)2 + 1/2O2 | ΔH = 458.6 kJ mol−1 | |
ΔG = 873.17 kJ mol−1 | ||
CH3COOH | 2CO2 + 8e‒ + 8H+ = CH3COOH + 2H2O | E0 = ‒0.3 V |
2CO2 +2H2O = CH3COOH + 2O2 | ΔH = 874.53 kJ mol−1 | |
ΔG = 873.17 kJ mol−1 | ||
CH3CHO | 2CO2 + 10e‒ + 10H+ = CH3CHO + 3H2O | E0 = ‒0.3 V |
2CO2 + 2H2O = CH3CHO + 5/2O2 | ΔH = 1166.96 kJ mol−1 | |
ΔG = 1129.56 kJ mol−1 | ||
CH3CH2OH | 2CO2 + 12e‒ + 12H+ = CH3CH2OH + 3H2O | E0 = ‒0.32 V |
2CO2 +3H2O = CH3CH2OH + 3O2 | ΔH = 1090.53 kJ mol−1 | |
ΔG = 1470.31 kJ mol−1 | ||
C2H4 | 2CO2 + 12e‒ + 12H+ = C2H4 + 4H2O | E0 = 0.06 V |
2CO2 +2H2O = C2H4 + 3O2 | ΔH = 1411.06 kJ mol−1 | |
ΔG = 1324.52 kJ mol−1 | ||
C2H6 | 2CO2 + 14e‒ + 14H+ = C2H6 + 4H2O | E0 = ‒0.27 V |
2CO2 + 3H2O = C2H6 + 7/2O2 | ΔH = 1559.8 kJ mol−1 | |
ΔG = 1467.5 kJ mol−1 | ||
C3H8 | 3CO2 + 20e‒ + 20H+ = C3H8 + 6H2O | E0 = ‒0.32 V |
3CO2 + 4H2O = C3H8 + 5O2 | ΔH = 2220.6 kJ mol−1 | |
ΔG = 1903.4 kJ mol−1 |
Table 1 Reaction enthalpy and redox potentials of various photocatalytic CRR reference to NHE at pH 7 [32,44,45].
Product | Reaction | NHE at pH 7 & reaction enthalpy |
---|---|---|
(COOH)2 | 2CO2 + 2e‒ + 2H+ = (COOH)2 | E0 = ‒0.88 V |
2CO2 +H2O = (COOH)2 + 1/2O2 | ΔH = 458.6 kJ mol−1 | |
ΔG = 873.17 kJ mol−1 | ||
CH3COOH | 2CO2 + 8e‒ + 8H+ = CH3COOH + 2H2O | E0 = ‒0.3 V |
2CO2 +2H2O = CH3COOH + 2O2 | ΔH = 874.53 kJ mol−1 | |
ΔG = 873.17 kJ mol−1 | ||
CH3CHO | 2CO2 + 10e‒ + 10H+ = CH3CHO + 3H2O | E0 = ‒0.3 V |
2CO2 + 2H2O = CH3CHO + 5/2O2 | ΔH = 1166.96 kJ mol−1 | |
ΔG = 1129.56 kJ mol−1 | ||
CH3CH2OH | 2CO2 + 12e‒ + 12H+ = CH3CH2OH + 3H2O | E0 = ‒0.32 V |
2CO2 +3H2O = CH3CH2OH + 3O2 | ΔH = 1090.53 kJ mol−1 | |
ΔG = 1470.31 kJ mol−1 | ||
C2H4 | 2CO2 + 12e‒ + 12H+ = C2H4 + 4H2O | E0 = 0.06 V |
2CO2 +2H2O = C2H4 + 3O2 | ΔH = 1411.06 kJ mol−1 | |
ΔG = 1324.52 kJ mol−1 | ||
C2H6 | 2CO2 + 14e‒ + 14H+ = C2H6 + 4H2O | E0 = ‒0.27 V |
2CO2 + 3H2O = C2H6 + 7/2O2 | ΔH = 1559.8 kJ mol−1 | |
ΔG = 1467.5 kJ mol−1 | ||
C3H8 | 3CO2 + 20e‒ + 20H+ = C3H8 + 6H2O | E0 = ‒0.32 V |
3CO2 + 4H2O = C3H8 + 5O2 | ΔH = 2220.6 kJ mol−1 | |
ΔG = 1903.4 kJ mol−1 |
Fig. 3. (a) The role of photoinduced peat in the photothermal reduction of CO2 to CH3COOH. (b) Quasi-in situ Raman spectra of the Vo-rich Zn2GeO4 nanobelts in simulated air, depicting the behavior of sample under controlled illumination and dark conditions. (c) The rates of evolution for CO, HCOOH, and CH3COOH over the Vo-rich Zn2GeO4 nanobelts under diverse testing conditions in simulated air. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [61]. Copyright 2021, American Chemical Society. Visual representations of a relaxed slab model with four layers for pristine anatase TiO2 (d) and Nb-doped anatase TiO2(001) (e) surfaces. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [67]. Copyright 2020, American Chemical Society.
Fig. 4. (a) Band edge positions and photocatalytic mechanism: A comparative band diagram displaying SnS2-C and SnS2, along with the proposed separation of photo-excited electron-hole pairs in SnS2-C. (b) Comparison of solar fuel formation rates and quantum efficiencies under visible light (300?W halogen lamp) for SnS2-C, SnS2, and commercial SnS2. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [68]. Copyright 2018, Springer Nature. (c) Charge density differences (yellow represents electron accumulation, and purple denotes electron depletion). (d) Fourier transforms of EXAFS spectra at the Cu K-edge. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [31]. Copyright 2023, Springer Nature.
Fig. 5. (a) Schematic depiction of the CO2 photoreduction process using Cu-Ag ASNCs/TiO2, showcasing Ti, O, Cu, Ag, and C atoms as blue, red, gray-blue, violet, and brown spheres, respectively. (b) Formation rates of C2H4, CH4, H2, and CO by the catalysts after 8-hour simulated sunlight (AM1.5G) irradiation. (c) Gibbs free energy calculations depicting the reaction pathways and C-C coupling step during CO2 photoreduction on Cu-Ag alloy/TiO2. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [79]. Copyright 2023, the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.
Fig. 6. (a) The schematic illustrates the fabrication process of NiCo-TiO2. (b) The comparison of CO2 adsorption on NiC-TiO2. (c) C-C coupling activation barriers in NiCo-TiO2, Ni-TiO2, and Co-TiO2. (d) The CO2RR reaction pathway on NiCo-TiO2. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [80]. Copyright 2022, John Wiley and Sons.
Fig. 7. Differential charge density maps of ZnPor-RuCuDAC (a), ZnPorRu2DAC (b), and ZnPorCu2DAC (c). Diagrammatic representation of the interactions between the adsorbed CO (5σ,2π*) orbitals and the Cu 3d (d) and Ru 4d (e) orbitals in ZnPor-RuCuDAC. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [81]. Copyright 2023, Springer Nature.
Fig. 8. (a) Diagram showing the chemical mechanism for the plasmonic excitation-catalyzed Au-NP photocatalyzed CO2 conversion to hydrocarbons. Gas chromatography was used to track product turnover (GC). It was discovered that the characteristics of the light excitation, such as photon energy (excitation wavelength) and photon flux (light intensity), affected the hydrocarbon selectivity (C2 vs. C1). Reprinted with permission from Ref. [92]. Copyright 2018, American Chemical Society. (b) Schematic showing the mild conditions and selective conversion of CO2 and CH4 to ethylene through the combination of photocatalytic and plasma processes. (c) The impact of the primary photocatalyst type under simulated solar irradiation. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [93]. Copyright 2019, American Chemical Society.
Fig. 9. (a) Diagrammatic representation of the process of photoexcited electron-hole separation. (b) The potential reaction pathway engaged in the g-C3N4/CuO@MIL-125(Ti) photocatalyst. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [106]. Copyright 2018, Elsevier. (c) Diagram outlining the synthesis procedure of Bi2S3@In2S3. (d) Proposed CRR catalytic mechanisms for Bi2S3@In2S3, Bi2S3, and In2S3. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [107]. Copyright 2023, American Chemical Society.
Type | Catalyst | C2+ products and production rate(μmol g−1 h−1) | Selectivity (%) | Condition | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Defect engineering | Vo-rich Zn2GeO4 nanobelts | CH3COOH 12.7 | 66.9 | Xe lamp AM 1.5G (100 mW cm−2) | [ |
SnS2-C | CH3CHO 9.2 | — | 300 W Halogen lamp | [ | |
SnxNb1-xO2 | C2H5OH 292.5 | 87.6 | Xe arc lamp (200 mW cm−2) | [ | |
CN-KRb | CH3CHO 303.1 | 93.9 | 5 W white LED Slight panel (100 mW cm−2) | [ | |
CCN | C2H5OH 2.4 | 14.8 | 350 W Xe lamp AM 1.5G | [ | |
MIL-88B-NS40 | C2H4 17.7 | 10.6 | 300 W Xe lamp (> 420 nm), H2O | [ | |
Ce-MOF-RuII-bpy | CH3COOH 128 | 99.8 | 300 W Xenon lamp (99.5 mW cm−2) | [ | |
0.5Ru-0.6LGCN | C2H6 153.68; C2H5OH 130.38; CH3CH(OH) CH3 133.33 | 75.8 | UV-Vis & 100 °C | [ | |
Pt1%-0.50-G/RBT | C2H6 11 | 22.9 | AM 1.5G | [ | |
Nb-doped TiO2 nanotube | CH3CHO 500 | 98.1 | simulated solar illumination at 200 mW cm−2 | [ | |
SCN-Cu/TiO2-SBO-3 | C2H4 4.8 | 40 | 300 W Xenon lamp | [ | |
Vs-SAL10 | C2H4 44.3 | 88.9 | 300 W Xenon arc lamp | [ | |
Dual-metal sites | NiCo-TiO2 | CH3COOH 2.6 | 71 | 300 W Xe lamp, water with 0.1 M Na2SO3 and 0.2 M CsOH | [ |
AuIr@InGaN NWs/Si | C2H6 59000 | 7.3 | 300 W Xenon lamp (3.5 W cm−2) | [ | |
CuACs/PCN | C2H4 10.17 | 53.2 | 300 W Xe lamp, TEOA + C30H24Cl2N6Ru·6H2O/H2O | [ | |
Cu-Ag ASNCs/TiO2 | C2H4 1110.6 | 49.1 | 300 W Xenon lamp (500 mW cm−2) | [ | |
InCu/PCN | C2H5OH 28.5 | 92 | 300 W Xenon lamp (1 W cm−2) | [ | |
Co-CoOx/MAO | C2+Hx 1156 | 91.6 | 300 W Xenon lamp (1200 mW/ cm−2) | [ | |
Co-Cu/TiO2 | C2H6 892 | 69.3 | 300 W Xenon lamp | [ | |
AgCu/TNTAs | C2H6 23.88 | 60.7 | 300 W Xe AM 1.5G, TEOA/H2O | [ | |
P/Cu SAs@CN | C2H6 616.6 | 33.4 | 300 W Xenon lamp, TEOA/H2O | [ | |
Surface plasmon resonance | AgCu-TNTA | C2H6 9.38 | 39.3 | AM1.5G 1-sun simulated sunlight | [ |
Au/TiO2‒x | C2H4 686 | 37.4 | 84.2 mW cm−2 xenon lamp | [ | |
Ag/AgClBr | CH3CHO 209.3 | 96.9 | 500 W Xenon lamp (100 mW cm−2), NaHCO3 (0.1 M)/TEA(1 mL) | [ | |
Heterojunction construction | WO3/In2O3 | C3H6 15.6 (μmol m−2 h−1) | — | 80 °C and 2 cm3 min−1 flow rate | [ |
g-C3N4/CuO@MIL-125(Ti) | C2H5OH 501.9; CH3COOH 177.2 | 63.4 | 1 mL of H2O, 1.0 MPa CO2, and 300 W Xe lamp | [ | |
CuO/TiO2 | CH3CH2OH 27.1 | 68.4 | water containing Na2SO3, 500 W Hg lamp at 365 nm | [ | |
RGO/ZnV2O6 | CH3COOH 38.5 | 5.15 | 35W HID Xe lamp, water with 0.1 mo L−1 NaOH | [ | |
Cu-CuTCPP/Cu2O/CoAl-LDH | C2H4 1.56; C2H6 1.92 | 37.45 | Ar/Air/H2 mass gas flow, Xe lamp | [ | |
Bi2S3@In2S3 | C2H4 11.81 | 86 | UV-vis irradiation (320 nm < λ < 780 nm, 0.20 W cm−2), 123 °C | [ | |
CuGaS2@CuO | C2H4 20.6 | 75.1 | 450 W xenon lamp, 0.1 mo L−1 NaOH | [ | |
ZIF-8/CdS | C2H4 0.8 | 12.8 | 300 W Xe lamp | [ | |
CuOX@p-ZnO | C2H4 22.3 | 32.9 | 300 W Xe lamp | [ | |
Cuδ+/CeO2-TiO2 | C2H4 0.81 | 73.9 | 200 mW cm−2 Xe lamp | [ |
Table 2 Photocatalytic CRR to C2+ products performance.
Type | Catalyst | C2+ products and production rate(μmol g−1 h−1) | Selectivity (%) | Condition | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Defect engineering | Vo-rich Zn2GeO4 nanobelts | CH3COOH 12.7 | 66.9 | Xe lamp AM 1.5G (100 mW cm−2) | [ |
SnS2-C | CH3CHO 9.2 | — | 300 W Halogen lamp | [ | |
SnxNb1-xO2 | C2H5OH 292.5 | 87.6 | Xe arc lamp (200 mW cm−2) | [ | |
CN-KRb | CH3CHO 303.1 | 93.9 | 5 W white LED Slight panel (100 mW cm−2) | [ | |
CCN | C2H5OH 2.4 | 14.8 | 350 W Xe lamp AM 1.5G | [ | |
MIL-88B-NS40 | C2H4 17.7 | 10.6 | 300 W Xe lamp (> 420 nm), H2O | [ | |
Ce-MOF-RuII-bpy | CH3COOH 128 | 99.8 | 300 W Xenon lamp (99.5 mW cm−2) | [ | |
0.5Ru-0.6LGCN | C2H6 153.68; C2H5OH 130.38; CH3CH(OH) CH3 133.33 | 75.8 | UV-Vis & 100 °C | [ | |
Pt1%-0.50-G/RBT | C2H6 11 | 22.9 | AM 1.5G | [ | |
Nb-doped TiO2 nanotube | CH3CHO 500 | 98.1 | simulated solar illumination at 200 mW cm−2 | [ | |
SCN-Cu/TiO2-SBO-3 | C2H4 4.8 | 40 | 300 W Xenon lamp | [ | |
Vs-SAL10 | C2H4 44.3 | 88.9 | 300 W Xenon arc lamp | [ | |
Dual-metal sites | NiCo-TiO2 | CH3COOH 2.6 | 71 | 300 W Xe lamp, water with 0.1 M Na2SO3 and 0.2 M CsOH | [ |
AuIr@InGaN NWs/Si | C2H6 59000 | 7.3 | 300 W Xenon lamp (3.5 W cm−2) | [ | |
CuACs/PCN | C2H4 10.17 | 53.2 | 300 W Xe lamp, TEOA + C30H24Cl2N6Ru·6H2O/H2O | [ | |
Cu-Ag ASNCs/TiO2 | C2H4 1110.6 | 49.1 | 300 W Xenon lamp (500 mW cm−2) | [ | |
InCu/PCN | C2H5OH 28.5 | 92 | 300 W Xenon lamp (1 W cm−2) | [ | |
Co-CoOx/MAO | C2+Hx 1156 | 91.6 | 300 W Xenon lamp (1200 mW/ cm−2) | [ | |
Co-Cu/TiO2 | C2H6 892 | 69.3 | 300 W Xenon lamp | [ | |
AgCu/TNTAs | C2H6 23.88 | 60.7 | 300 W Xe AM 1.5G, TEOA/H2O | [ | |
P/Cu SAs@CN | C2H6 616.6 | 33.4 | 300 W Xenon lamp, TEOA/H2O | [ | |
Surface plasmon resonance | AgCu-TNTA | C2H6 9.38 | 39.3 | AM1.5G 1-sun simulated sunlight | [ |
Au/TiO2‒x | C2H4 686 | 37.4 | 84.2 mW cm−2 xenon lamp | [ | |
Ag/AgClBr | CH3CHO 209.3 | 96.9 | 500 W Xenon lamp (100 mW cm−2), NaHCO3 (0.1 M)/TEA(1 mL) | [ | |
Heterojunction construction | WO3/In2O3 | C3H6 15.6 (μmol m−2 h−1) | — | 80 °C and 2 cm3 min−1 flow rate | [ |
g-C3N4/CuO@MIL-125(Ti) | C2H5OH 501.9; CH3COOH 177.2 | 63.4 | 1 mL of H2O, 1.0 MPa CO2, and 300 W Xe lamp | [ | |
CuO/TiO2 | CH3CH2OH 27.1 | 68.4 | water containing Na2SO3, 500 W Hg lamp at 365 nm | [ | |
RGO/ZnV2O6 | CH3COOH 38.5 | 5.15 | 35W HID Xe lamp, water with 0.1 mo L−1 NaOH | [ | |
Cu-CuTCPP/Cu2O/CoAl-LDH | C2H4 1.56; C2H6 1.92 | 37.45 | Ar/Air/H2 mass gas flow, Xe lamp | [ | |
Bi2S3@In2S3 | C2H4 11.81 | 86 | UV-vis irradiation (320 nm < λ < 780 nm, 0.20 W cm−2), 123 °C | [ | |
CuGaS2@CuO | C2H4 20.6 | 75.1 | 450 W xenon lamp, 0.1 mo L−1 NaOH | [ | |
ZIF-8/CdS | C2H4 0.8 | 12.8 | 300 W Xe lamp | [ | |
CuOX@p-ZnO | C2H4 22.3 | 32.9 | 300 W Xe lamp | [ | |
Cuδ+/CeO2-TiO2 | C2H4 0.81 | 73.9 | 200 mW cm−2 Xe lamp | [ |
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