A series of graphene-TiO2 composites was fabricated from graphene oxide and titanium n-butoxide (TNB) by an ultrasonic-assisted method. The structure and composition of the nanocomposites were characterized by Raman spectroscopy, BET surface area measurements, X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, and ultraviolet-visible absorption spectroscopy. The average size of the TiO
2 nanoparticles on the graphene nanosheets was controlled at around 10–15 nm without using surfactant, which is attributed to the pyrolysis and condensation of dissolved TNB into TiO
2 by ultrasonic irradiation. The catalytic activity of the composites under ultrasonic irradiation was determined using a rhodamine B (RhB) solution. The graphene-TiO
2 composites possessed a high specific surface area, which increased the decolorization rate for RhB solution. This is because the graphene and TiO
2 nanoparticles in the composites interact strongly, which enhances the photoelectric conversion of TiO
2 by reducing the recombination of photogenerated electron-hole pairs.